{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T23:28:53Z","timestamp":1790897333984,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc. VLDB Endow."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Machine learning is increasingly applied in high-stakes decision making that directly affect people's lives, and this leads to an increased demand for systems to explain their decisions. Explanations often take the form of\n                    <jats:italic>counterfactuals<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which consists of conveying to the end user what she\/he needs to change in order to improve the outcome. Computing counterfactual explanations is challenging, because of the inherent tension between a rich semantics of the domain, and the need for real time response. In this paper we present CeCo, the first system that can compute plausible and feasible counterfactual explanations in real time. At its core, CeCo relies on a genetic algorithm, which is customized to favor searching counterfactual explanations with the smallest number of changes. To achieve real-time performance, we introduce two novel optimizations: \u0394-representation of candidate counterfactuals, and partial evaluation of the classifier. We compare empirically CeCo against five other systems described in the literature, and show that it is the only system that can achieve both high quality explanations and real time answers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14778\/3461535.3461555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T18:22:49Z","timestamp":1634926969000},"page":"1681-1693","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["GeCo"],"prefix":"10.14778","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Schleich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixuan","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yihong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Suciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Allstate. 2011. 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