{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T09:31:54Z","timestamp":1763458314050},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. VLDB Endow."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The ability to decentralize knowledge graphs (KG) is important to exploit the full potential of the Semantic Web and realize the Web 3.0 vision. However, decentralization also renders KGs more prone to attacks with adverse effects on\n            <jats:italic>data integrity<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>query verifiability.<\/jats:italic>\n            While existing studies focus on ensuring data integrity, how to ensure query verifiability - thus guarding against incorrect, incomplete, or outdated query results - remains unsolved. We propose VeriDKG, the first SPARQL query engine for decentralized knowledge graphs (DKG) that offers both data integrity and query verifiability guarantees. The core of VeriDKG is the RGB-Trie, a new blockchain-maintained authenticated data structure (ADS) facilitating correctness proofs for SPARQL query results. VeriDKG enables verifiability of subqueries by gathering global index information on subgraphs using the RGB-Trie, which is implemented as a new variant of the Merkle prefix tree with an RGB color model. To enable verifiability of the final query result, the RGB-Trie is integrated with a cryptographic accumulator to support verifiable aggregation operations. A rigorous analysis of query verifiability in VeriDKG is presented, along with evidence from an extensive experimental study demonstrating its state-of-the-art query performance on the largeRDFbench benchmark.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14778\/3636218.3636242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T17:04:07Z","timestamp":1709658247000},"page":"912-925","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["VeriDKG: A Verifiable SPARQL Query Engine for Decentralized Knowledge Graphs"],"prefix":"10.14778","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Enyuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology"}]},{"given":"Zicong","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University"}]},{"given":"Christian S.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg University"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xidian University"}]},{"given":"Dalin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalborg University"}]},{"given":"Jinwen","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University"}]},{"given":"Qingqi","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xidian University and Guangzhou Lianrong Information Technology Co. Ltd."}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proc. of 2017 IEEE 33rd International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE). 139--142","author":"Abdelaziz Ibrahim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ibrahim Abdelaziz, Essam Mansour, Mourad Ouzzani, Ashraf Aboulnaga, and Panos Kalnis. 2017. Query optimizations over decentralized RDF graphs. In Proc. of 2017 IEEE 33rd International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE). 139--142."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC). 3--18","author":"Aebeloe Christian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Christian Aebeloe, Gabriela Montoya, and Katja Hose. 2019. A Decentralized Architecture for Sharing and Querying Semantic Data. In Proc. of the European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC). 3--18."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC). 3--20","author":"Aebeloe Christian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Christian Aebeloe, Gabriela Montoya, and Katja Hose. 2019. Decentralized Indexing over a Network of RDF Peers. In Proc. of the International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC). 3--20."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the Web Conference (WWW). 1385--1396","author":"Aebeloe Christian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Christian Aebeloe, Gabriela Montoya, and Katja Hose. 2021. ColChain: Collaborative Linked Data Networks. In Proc. of the Web Conference (WWW). 1385--1396."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the EuroSys Conference (EuroSys). Article 30","author":"Androulaki Elli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Elli Androulaki, Artem Barger, Vita Bortnikov, Christian Cachin, Konstantinos Christidis, Angelo De Caro, David Enyeart, Christopher Ferris, Gennady Laventman, Yacov Manevich, Srinivasan Muralidharan, Chet Murthy, Binh Nguyen, Manish Sethi, Gari Singh, Keith Smith, Alessandro Sorniotti, Chrysoula Stathakopoulou, Marko Vukoli\u0107, Sharon Weed Cocco, and Jason Yellick. 2018. Hyperledger Fabric: A Distributed Operating System for Permissioned Blockchains. In Proc. of the EuroSys Conference (EuroSys). Article 30, 15 pages."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Proc. of ACM conference on Computer and communications security (CCS). 598--609","author":"Ateniese Giuseppe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Giuseppe Ateniese, Randal Burns, Reza Curtmola, Joseph Herring, Lea Kissner, Zachary Peterson, and Dawn Song. 2007. Provable Data Possession at Untrusted Stores. In Proc. of ACM conference on Computer and communications security (CCS). 598--609."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Dbpedia: A Nucleus for a Web of Open Data. In Journal of The semantic web. 722--735.","author":"Auer S\u00f6ren","year":"2007","unstructured":"S\u00f6ren Auer, Christian Bizer, Georgi Kobilarov, Jens Lehmann, Richard Cyganiak, and Zachary Ives. 2007. Dbpedia: A Nucleus for a Web of Open Data. In Journal of The semantic web. 722--735."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the Web Conference (WWW). 1422--1434","author":"Azzam Amr","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amr Azzam, Christian Aebeloe, Gabriela Montoya, Ilkcan Keles, Axel Polleres, and Katja Hose. 2021. WiseKG: Balanced Access to Web Knowledge Graphs. In Proc. of the Web Conference (WWW). 1422--1434."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proc. of ACM SIGIR. 2260--2265","author":"Banerjee Debayan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Debayan Banerjee, Pranav Ajit Nair, Jivat Neet Kaur, Ricardo Usbeck, and Chris Biemann. 2022. Modern Baselines for SPARQL Semantic Parsing. In Proc. of ACM SIGIR. 2260--2265."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Juan Benet. 2014. Ipfs-content Addressed Versioned p2p File System. arXiv preprint arXiv:1407.3561 (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proc. of ACM Special Interest Group on Management of Data (SIGMOD). 1247--1250","author":"Bollacker Kurt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kurt Bollacker, Colin Evans, Praveen Paritosh, Tim Sturge, and Jamie Taylor. 2008. Freebase: a Collaboratively Created Graph Database for Structuring Human Knowledge. In Proc. of ACM Special Interest Group on Management of Data (SIGMOD). 1247--1250."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00145-007-9005-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Proc. of ACM conference on Computer and communications security (CCS). 187--198","author":"Bowers Kevin D","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kevin D Bowers, Ari Juels, and Alina Oprea. 2009. HAIL: A High-availability and Integrity Layer for Cloud Storage. In Proc. of ACM conference on Computer and communications security (CCS). 187--198."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Marco Brandizi Ajit Singh and Keywan Hassani-Pak. 2018. Getting the best of Linked Data and Property Graphs: rdf2neo and the KnetMiner use case.. In SWAT4LS."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the international Semantic Web Conference (ISWC). Springer, 277--293","author":"Buil-Aranda Carlos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carlos Buil-Aranda, Aidan Hogan, J\u00fcrgen Umbrich, and Pierre-Yves Vandenbussche. 2013. SPARQL Web-querying Infrastructure: Ready for Action?. In Proc. of the international Semantic Web Conference (ISWC). Springer, 277--293."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proc. of 2018 IEEE symposium on security and privacy (SP). 315--334","author":"B\u00fcnz Benedikt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Benedikt B\u00fcnz, Jonathan Bootle, Dan Boneh, Andrew Poelstra, Pieter Wuille, and Greg Maxwell. 2018. Bulletproofs: Short proofs for confidential transactions and more. In Proc. of 2018 IEEE symposium on security and privacy (SP). 315--334."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the Web Conference (WWW). 650--657","author":"Cai Min","year":"2004","unstructured":"Min Cai and Martin Frank. 2004. RDFPeers: a Scalable Distributed RDF Repository Based on a Structured Peer-to-peer Network. In Proc. of the Web Conference (WWW). 650--657."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-54631-0_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the international Conference on Business Information Systems. Springer, 220--231","author":"Cano-Benito Juan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Juan Cano-Benito, Andrea Cimmino, and Ra\u00fal Garc\u00eda-Castro. 2019. Towards Blockchain and Semantic Web. In Proc. of the international Conference on Business Information Systems. Springer, 220--231."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3229863.3229872"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"173","article-title":"Practical byzantine fault tolerance","volume":"99","author":"Castro Miguel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Miguel Castro, Barbara Liskov, et al. 1999. Practical byzantine fault tolerance. In Proc. of OSDI, Vol. 99. 173--186.","journal-title":"Proc. of OSDI"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3551793.3551813"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"The Future Architecture of the Internet? https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=4037693. Available at SSRN","author":"Chohan Usman W","year":"2022","unstructured":"Usman W Chohan. 2022. Web 3.0: The Future Architecture of the Internet? https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=4037693. Available at SSRN (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Dumitrel Loghin, Ee-Chien Chang, Qian Lin, and Beng Chin Ooi.","author":"Dang Hung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hung Dang, Tien Tuan Anh Dinh, Dumitrel Loghin, Ee-Chien Chang, Qian Lin, and Beng Chin Ooi. 2019. Towards Scaling Blockchain Systems via Sharding. In Proc. of ACM Special Interest Group on Management of Data (SIGMOD). 123--140."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3342263.3342636"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ethereum. 2013. Go Ethereum. Retrieved March 20, 2023 from https:\/\/github.com\/ethereum\/go-ethereum"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ethereum. 2016. web3.js - Ethereum JavaScript API. Retrieved March 20, 2023 from https:\/\/web3js.readthedocs.io\/en\/v1.5.2\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Proc. of 2014 IEEE 30th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE). 424--435","author":"Farnan Nicholas L","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nicholas L Farnan, Adam J Lee, Panos K Chrysanthis, and Ting Yu. 2014. PAQO: Preference-aware query optimization for decentralized database systems. In Proc. of 2014 IEEE 30th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE). 424--435."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2013.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Proc. of ISWC. 438--453","author":"Ferr\u00e9 S\u00e9bastien","unstructured":"S\u00e9bastien Ferr\u00e9. [n.d.]. Expressive and Scalable Query-Based Faceted Search over SPARQL Endpoints. In Proc. of ISWC. 438--453."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the Web Conference (WWW). 1266--1275","author":"Gan Wensheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wensheng Gan, Zhenqiang Ye, Shicheng Wan, and Philip S Yu. 2023. Web 3.0: The Future of Internet. In Proc. of the Web Conference (WWW). 1266--1275."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3510397.3510406"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3502004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2020","unstructured":"Herumi. 2020. High-Speed Software Implementation of the Optimal Ate Pairing over Barreto-Naehrig Curves. Retrieved March 20, 2023 from https:\/\/github.com\/herumi\/ate-pairing"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM.","author":"Hong Zicong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zicong Hong, Song Guo, Peng Li, and Wuhui Chen. 2021. Pyramid: A Layered Sharding Blockchain System. In Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3185593"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Proc. of 2016 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP). 895--913","author":"Karapanos Nikolaos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nikolaos Karapanos, Alexandros Filios, Raluca Ada Popa, and Srdjan Capkun. 2016. Verena: End-to-end Integrity Protection for Web Applications. In Proc. of 2016 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP). 895--913."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-212893","article-title":"Linked Open Images: Visual similarity for the Semantic Web","volume":"14","author":"Klic Lukas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lukas Klic. 2023. Linked Open Images: Visual similarity for the Semantic Web. Journal of Semantic Web 14, 2 (2023), 197--208.","journal-title":"Journal of Semantic Web"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"Ora Lassila Ralph R Swick et al. 1998. Resource Description Framework (RDF) Model and Syntax Specification. W3C Recommendation (1998)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Journal of IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing","author":"Liu Zhuotao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhuotao Liu, Yangxi Xiang, Jian Shi, Peng Gao, Haoyu Wang, Xusheng Xiao, Bihan Wen, Qi Li, and Yih-Chun Hu. 2021. Make Web3. 0 Connected. Journal of IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the conference on the theory and application of cryptographic techniques. Springer, 369--378","author":"Merkle Ralph C","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ralph C Merkle. 1987. A Digital Signature Based on a Conventional Encryption Function. In Proc. of the conference on the theory and application of cryptographic techniques. Springer, 369--378."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1149976.1149977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Bitcoin: A Peer-to-peer Electronic Cash System. Decentralized Business Review","author":"Nakamoto Satoshi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Satoshi Nakamoto. 2008. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-peer Electronic Cash System. Decentralized Business Review (2008), 21260."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3342263.3342632"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the 2005 International Conference on Topics in Cryptology (CT-RSA). 275--292","author":"Nguyen Lan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lan Nguyen. 2005. Accumulators from Bilinear Pairings and Applications. In Proc. of the 2005 International Conference on Topics in Cryptology (CT-RSA). 275--292."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-22792-9_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Parachain OriginTrail","year":"2022","unstructured":"OriginTrail Parachain. 2022. OriginTrail Ecosystem White Paper 2.0. Retrieved March 20, 2023 from https:\/\/parachain.origintrail.io\/whitepaper"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the International Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS). IEEE, 51--60","author":"Pei Qingqi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qingqi Pei, Enyuan Zhou, Yang Xiao, Deyu Zhang, and Dongxiao Zhao. 2020. An Efficient Query Scheme for Hybrid Storage Blockchains Based on Merkle Semantic Trie. In Proc. of the International Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS). IEEE, 51--60."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Proc. of ACM Special Interest Group on Management of Data (SIGMOD). 637--652","author":"Peng Yanqing","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yanqing Peng, Min Du, Feifei Li, Raymond Cheng, and Dawn Song. 2020. FalconDB: Blockchain-based Collaborative Database. In Proc. of ACM Special Interest Group on Management of Data (SIGMOD). 637--652."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Prudhommeaux Eric","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eric Prudhommeaux. 2008. SPARQL Query Language for RDF. Retrieved March 20, 2023 from http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/rdf-sparql-query\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Dumitrel Loghin, Meihui Zhang, Gang Chen, Qian Lin, and Beng Chin Ooi.","author":"Ruan Pingcheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pingcheng Ruan, Tien Tuan Anh Dinh, Dumitrel Loghin, Meihui Zhang, Gang Chen, Qian Lin, and Beng Chin Ooi. 2021. Blockchains vs. distributed databases: Dichotomy and fusion. In Proc. of ACM Special Interest Group on Management of Data (SIGMOD). 1504--1517."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2017.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/359168.359176"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Easton Wong, and Abbas Yazdinejad.","author":"Sheridan Dan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dan Sheridan, James Harris, Frank Wear, Jerry Cowell Jr, Easton Wong, and Abbas Yazdinejad. 2022. Web3 Challenges and Opportunities for the Market. arXiv preprint arXiv:2209.02446 (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the Web Conference (WWW). 1171--1178","author":"Sopek Mirek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mirek Sopek, Przemyslaw Gradzki, Witold Kosowski, Dominik Kuziski, Rafa Tr\u00f3jczak, and Robert Trypuz. 2018. GraphChain: a distributed database with explicit semantics and chained RDF graphs. In Proc. of the Web Conference (WWW). 1171--1178."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the Web Conference (WWW). 697--706","author":"Suchanek Fabian M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fabian M Suchanek, Gjergji Kasneci, and Gerhard Weikum. 2007. Yago: a Core of Semantic Knowledge. In Proc. of the Web Conference (WWW). 697--706."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Proc. of European symposium on algorithms. 2--5.","author":"Tamassia Roberto","year":"2003","unstructured":"Roberto Tamassia. 2003. Authenticated data structures. In Proc. of European symposium on algorithms. 2--5."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, CSCW2","author":"Vaccaro Kristen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kristen Vaccaro, Ziang Xiao, Kevin Hamilton, and Karrie Karahalios. 2021. Contestability For Content Moderation. Proc. of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, CSCW2 (2021), 1--28."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2023","unstructured":"VMvare. 2023. Spring boot. Retrieved March 20, 2023 from https:\/\/spring.io\/projects\/spring-boot"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Web3: The Next Internet Revolution. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.06111","author":"Wan Shicheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shicheng Wan, Hong Lin, Wensheng Gan, Jiahui Chen, and Philip S Yu. 2023. Web3: The Next Internet Revolution. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.06111 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE).","author":"Wang Haixin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haixin Wang, Cheng Xu, Ce Zhang, Jianliang Xu, Zhe Peng, and Jian Pei. 2022. vChain+: Optimizing Verifiable Blockchain Boolean Range Queries. In Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2942338"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"Ethereum: A Secure Decentralised Generalised Transaction Ledger. Ethereum project yellow paper 151","author":"Gavin Wood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gavin Wood et al. 2014. Ethereum: A Secure Decentralised Generalised Transaction Ledger. Ethereum project yellow paper 151, 2014 (2014), 1--32."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"Proc. of 2019 IEEE 35th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE). 626--637","author":"Wu Songrui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Songrui Wu, Qi Li, Guoliang Li, Dong Yuan, Xingliang Yuan, and Cong Wang. 2019. Servedb: Secure, verifiable, and efficient range queries on outsourced database. In Proc. of 2019 IEEE 35th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE). 626--637."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","first-page":"782","article-title":"Integrity Auditing of Outsourced Data","volume":"7","author":"Xie Min","year":"2007","unstructured":"Min Xie, Haixun Wang, Jian Yin, and Xiaofeng Meng. 2007. Integrity Auditing of Outsourced Data.. In Proc. of the VLDB Endowment, Vol. 7. 782--793.","journal-title":"Proc. of the VLDB Endowment"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","volume-title":"Proc. of ACM Special Interest Group on Management of Data (SIGMOD). 141--158","author":"Xu Cheng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cheng Xu, Ce Zhang, and Jianliang Xu. 2019. vchain: Enabling Verifiable Boolean Range Queries over Blockchain Databases. In Proc. of ACM Special Interest Group on Management of Data (SIGMOD). 141--158."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2023.10110018","article-title":"Web3. 0 Data Infrastructure: Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"37","author":"Yang Sean","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sean Yang and Max Li. 2023. Web3. 0 Data Infrastructure: Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of IEEE Network 37, 1 (2023), 4--5.","journal-title":"Journal of IEEE Network"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the VLDB Endowment 16","author":"Yue Cong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cong Yue, Tien Tuan Anh Dinh, Zhongle Xie, Meihui Zhang, Gang Chen, Beng Chin Ooi, and Xiaokui Xiao. 2023. GlassDB: An Efficient Verifiable Ledger Database System Through Transparency. Proc. of the VLDB Endowment 16, 6 (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/2535570.2488333"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE). 996--1007","author":"Zhang Ce","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ce Zhang, Cheng Xu, Haixin Wang, Jianliang Xu, and Byron Choi. 2021. Authenticated Keyword Search in Scalable Hybrid-storage Blockchains. In Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE). 996--1007."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","volume-title":"Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE). 842--853","author":"Zhang Ce","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ce Zhang, Cheng Xu, Jianliang Xu, Yuzhe Tang, and Byron Choi. 2019. GEM2-Tree: A Gas-Efficient Structure for Authenticated Range Queries in Blockchain. In Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE). 842--853."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3415478.3415567"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","volume-title":"Proc. of IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP). 863--880","author":"Zhang Yupeng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yupeng Zhang, Daniel Genkin, Jonathan Katz, Dimitrios Papadopoulos, and Charalampos Papamanthou. 2017. vSQL: Verifying Arbitrary SQL Queries over Dynamic Outsourced Databases. In Proc. of IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP). 863--880."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","volume-title":"Proc. of ACM Computer and Communications Security (CCS). 1480--1491","author":"Zhang Yupeng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yupeng Zhang, Jonathan Katz, and Charalampos Papamanthou. 2015. IntegriDB: Verifiable SQL for outsourced databases. In Proc. of ACM Computer and Communications Security (CCS). 1480--1491."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","volume-title":"Proc. of ACM Special Interest Group on Management of Data (SIGMOD).","author":"Ziliang Lai Chris Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chris Liu Ziliang Lai and Eric Lo. 2023. When Private Blockchain Meets Deterministic Database. In Proc. of ACM Special Interest Group on Management of Data (SIGMOD)."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.14778\/3636218.3636242","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T17:09:02Z","timestamp":1709658542000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.14778\/3636218.3636242"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.14778\/3636218.3636242"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14778\/3636218.3636242","relation":{},"ISSN":["2150-8097"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2150-8097","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-03-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}