{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T16:23:14Z","timestamp":1780762994653,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. VLDB Endow."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Today, blockchain ledgers utilize concurrent deterministic execution schemes to scale up. However, ordering fairness is not preserved in these schemes: although they ensure all replicas achieve the same serial order, this order does not always align with the fair, consensus-established order when executing smart contracts with runtime-determined accesses. To preserve ordering fairness, an intuitive method is to concurrently execute transactions and re-execute any order-violating ones. This in turn increases unforeseen conflicts, leading to scaling bottlenecks caused by numerous costly aborts under contention. To address these issues, we propose Spectrum, a novel deterministic execution scheme for smart contract execution on blockchain ledgers. Spectrum preserves the consensus-established serial order (so-called strict determinism) with high performance. Specifically, we leverage a speculative deterministic concurrency control to execute transactions in speculation and enforce an agreed-upon serial order by aborting and re-executing any mis-speculated ones. To overcome the scaling bottleneck, we present two key optimizations based on speculative processing: operation-level rollback and predictive scheduling, for reducing both the overhead and the number of mis-speculations. We evaluate Spectrum by executing EVM-based smart contracts on popular benchmarks, showing that it realizes fair smart contract execution by preserving ordering fairness and outperforms competitive schemes in contended workloads by 1.4x to 4.1x.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14778\/3675034.3675045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T22:19:11Z","timestamp":1722982751000},"page":"2541-2554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Spectrum: Speedy and Strictly-Deterministic Smart Contract Transactions for Blockchain Ledgers"],"prefix":"10.14778","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhihao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianji","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixiao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheqing","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aoying","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"2010. 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