{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:06:16Z","timestamp":1787022376729,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"DOI":"10.14797\/mdcvj.1528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T07:55:28Z","timestamp":1739865328000},"page":"23-34","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Obesity and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Social and Biobehavioral Pathways"],"prefix":"10.14797","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3975-1197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izza","family":"Shahid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1067-264X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faiza","family":"Zakaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9707-5823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umair","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9135-0254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahir Malik","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1122-7695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadeer","family":"Al-Kindi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5376-2269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khurram","family":"Nasir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4137-9198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zulqarnain","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"5826","reference":[{"key":"key20250218130804_B1","unstructured":"CDC [Internet]. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; c2025. New CDC Data Show Adult Obesity Prevalence Remains High; 2024 [cited 2025 Jan 26]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/media\/releases\/2024\/p0912-adult-obesity.html"},{"key":"key20250218130804_B2","unstructured":"CDC [Internet]. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; c2025. Adult Obesity Facts; 2024 [cited 2025 Jan 26]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/obesity\/adult-obesity-facts\/index.html"},{"issue":"21","key":"key20250218130804_B3","first-page":"e984","article-title":"Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"143","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"key20250218130804_B4","article-title":"Obesity and cardiovascular disease: An executive document on pathophysiological and clinical links promoted by the Italian Society of Cardiovascular Prevention (SIPREC)","volume":"10","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20250218130804_B5","first-page":"1562","article-title":"Effect of BMI on lifetime risk for diabetes in the U.S. Diabetes Care","volume":"30","year":"2007"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20250218130804_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000158261.86674.8e","article-title":"Impact of obesity on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure and hypertension","volume":"45","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"23","key":"key20250218130804_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199806043382302","article-title":"Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study","volume":"338","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250218130804_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15020485","article-title":"Obesity and Cancer: A Current Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Outcomes, and Management","volume":"15","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250218130804_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23336","article-title":"Social determinants of health and obesity: Findings from a national study of US adults","volume":"30","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"key20250218130804_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2023.10.006","article-title":"Unfavorable social determinants of health and mortality risk by cardiovascular disease status: Findings from a National Study of United States Adults","volume":"267","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"key20250218130804_B11","unstructured":"CDC [Internet]. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; c2025. Stierman B, Afful J, Carroll MD, et al. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017\u2013March 2020 Prepandemic Data Files -- Development of Files and Prevalence Estimates for Selected Health Outcomes; 2021 [cited 2025 Jan 26]. Available from: https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/106273"},{"issue":"14","key":"key20250218130804_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.14.1723","article-title":"Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US Adults, 1999-2000","volume":"288","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20250218130804_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.10.026","article-title":"Obesity and severe obesity forecasts through 2030","volume":"42","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20250218130804_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2024.04.001","article-title":"Obesity, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease: A joint expert review from the Obesity Medicine Association and the National Lipid Association 2024","volume":"18","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"issue":"6778","key":"key20250218130804_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/35007534","article-title":"Central nervous system control of food intake","volume":"404","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6 Pt 2","key":"key20250218130804_B16","first-page":"621","article-title":"Insulin increases sympathetic activity but not blood pressure in borderline hypertensive humans","volume":"19","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250218130804_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2016.08.009","article-title":"The Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System in Obesity and Hypertension: Roles in the Cardiorenal Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"101","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250218130804_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.12.012","article-title":"Why does obesity cause diabetes?","volume":"34","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20250218130804_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2011.06.003","article-title":"Obesity and dyslipidemia","volume":"95","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"9921","key":"key20250218130804_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61836-X","article-title":"Metabolic mediators of the effects of body-mass index, overweight, and obesity on coronary heart disease and stroke: a pooled analysis of 97 prospective cohorts with 1\u20228 million participants","volume":"383","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"key20250218130804_B21","article-title":"Exploring the Underlying Mechanisms Linking Adiposity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study of 404,332 UK Biobank Participants","volume":"48","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"issue":"18","key":"key20250218130804_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.18.1837","article-title":"Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories","volume":"97","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250218130804_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-022-01241-w","article-title":"Overweight or obesity increases the risk of cardiovascular disease among older Australian adults, even in the absence of cardiometabolic risk factors: a Bayesian survival analysis from the Hunter Community Study","volume":"47","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"12","key":"key20250218130804_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117385","article-title":"Body size and fat distribution as predictors of coronary heart disease among middle-aged and older US men","volume":"141","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250218130804_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/pdp.21.2.213.237","article-title":"Natural history and risk factors of atherosclerosis in children and youth: the PDAY study","volume":"21","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Pathol Mol Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"key20250218130804_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20210476","article-title":"Mediators of the Effect of Obesity on Stroke and Heart Disease Risk: Decomposing Direct and Indirect Effects","volume":"33","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20250218130804_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v5.i3.357","article-title":"Adipokines as a novel link between obesity and atherosclerosis","volume":"5","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250218130804_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HCR.0000265014.36587.dd","article-title":"Abdominal obesity and cardiovascular disease risk: the emerging role of the adipocyte","volume":"27","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev"},{"issue":"9468","key":"key20250218130804_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66378-7","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome","volume":"365","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20250218130804_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22726","article-title":"Ethnic differences in hepatic steatosis: an insulin resistance paradox?","volume":"49","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250218130804_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22350","article-title":"Visceral fat: a key mediator of steatohepatitis in metabolic liver disease","volume":"48","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20250218130804_B32","first-page":"e168","article-title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Risk: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"42","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20250218130804_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23593","article-title":"Fatty liver is associated with dyslipidemia and dysglycemia independent of visceral fat: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"51","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20250218130804_B34","article-title":"Fatty liver predicts the risk for cardiovascular events in middle-aged population: a population-based cohort study","volume":"4","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key20250218130804_B35","article-title":"Cardiovascular Risk from Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease, Cardiometabolic Risk Factor Count, and Their Longitudinal Changes: A Nationwide Cohort Study","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"12","key":"key20250218130804_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3907","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273049","article-title":"The role of epicardial adipose tissue in cardiac biology: classic concepts and emerging roles","volume":"595","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20250218130804_B37","article-title":"Epicardial Adipose Tissue Assessed by Computed Tomography and Echocardiography Are Associated With Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20250218130804_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.5152\/akd.2015.5991","article-title":"How do we measure epicardial adipose tissue thickness by transthoracic echocardiography?","volume":"15","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anatol J Cardiol"},{"issue":"16","key":"key20250218130804_B39","article-title":"Role of Leptin in Inflammation and Vice Versa","volume":"21","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"16","key":"key20250218130804_B40","article-title":"Prevention of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in Obesity","volume":"21","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20250218130804_B41","article-title":"Role of Leptin in Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"25","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"key20250218130804_B42","article-title":"Association between visceral obesity and 10-year risk of first atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases events among American adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"10","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20250218130804_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.0022","article-title":"Association of Body Mass Index With Lifetime Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Compression of Morbidity","volume":"3","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"suppl_1","key":"key20250218130804_B44","first-page":"A263","article-title":"Abstract 263: Assessment of the Relationship Between Body Mass Index and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in a University Based Residency Training Program: A Quality Improvement Initiative","volume":"11","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation: Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250218130804_B45","article-title":"Abdominal obesity and incident cardio-metabolic disorders in Asian-Indians: A 10-years prospective cohort study","volume":"16","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20250218130804_B46","first-page":"855","article-title":"The incidence of acute myocardial infarction in relation to overweight and obesity: a meta-analysis","volume":"10","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20250218130804_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.171016","article-title":"Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss: an update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease from the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism","volume":"113","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"key20250218130804_B48","first-page":"61","article-title":"Relationships between obesity and cardiovascular diseases in four southern states and Colorado","volume":"22","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"key20250218130804_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04650-5","article-title":"The waist-to-body mass index ratio as an anthropometric predictor for cardiovascular outcome in subjects with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"12","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"22","key":"key20250218130804_B50","article-title":"Body Mass Index From Early-, Mid-, and Older-Adulthood and Risk of Heart Failure and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: MESA","volume":"7","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"21","key":"key20250218130804_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.12.068","article-title":"Obesity and cardiovascular disease: risk factor, paradox, and impact of weight loss","volume":"53","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20250218130804_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2014.03.010","article-title":"The relationship between obesity and coronary artery disease","volume":"164","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"key20250218130804_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2012.12.033","article-title":"Effect of morbid obesity on in-hospital mortality and coronary revascularization outcomes after acute myocardial infarction in the United States","volume":"111","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250218130804_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.36","article-title":"Effect of obesity on short- and long-term mortality postcoronary revascularization: a meta-analysis","volume":"16","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250218130804_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2010.08.047","article-title":"Effect of body mass index on outcomes after cardiac surgery: is there an obesity paradox?","volume":"91","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250218130804_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2013.03.027","article-title":"The interaction of exercise ability and body mass index upon long-term outcomes among patients undergoing stress-rest perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography imaging","volume":"166","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"25","key":"key20250218130804_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.09.030","article-title":"Impact of body weight and extreme obesity on the presentation, treatment, and in-hospital outcomes of 50,149 patients with ST-Segment elevation myocardial infarction results from the NCDR (National Cardiovascular Data Registry)","volume":"58","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20250218130804_B58","article-title":"Body Mass Index and Association With Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Stable Coronary Heart Disease \u2013 A STABILITY Substudy","volume":"11","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20250218130804_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2014.07.005","article-title":"Distance to store, food prices, and obesity in urban food deserts","volume":"47","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250218130804_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-015-0017-6","article-title":"Why the Neighborhood Social Environment Is Critical in Obesity Prevention","volume":"93","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"18","key":"key20250218130804_B61","article-title":"Racial Disparities in Obesity-Related Cardiovascular Mortality in the United States: Temporal Trends From 1999 to 2020","volume":"12","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250218130804_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-011-0006-3","article-title":"Effects of Chronic Social Stress on Obesity","volume":"1","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Obes Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250218130804_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.4103\/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_482_18","article-title":"Stress and its Social Determinants \u2013 A Qualitative Study Reflecting the Perceptions of a Select Small Group of the Public in Sri Lanka","volume":"42","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"key":"key20250218130804_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.04.011","article-title":"Stress, eating and the reward system","volume":"91","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"key20250218130804_B65","first-page":"S112","article-title":"Stress, cortisol, and obesity: a role for cortisol responsiveness in identifying individuals prone to obesity","volume":"56 Suppl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol"},{"key":"key20250218130804_B66","article-title":"Factors associated with medication non-adherence among patients with severe mental disorder \u2013 A cross sectional study in a tertiary care centre","volume":"7","year":"2022","journal-title":"Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20250218130804_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2016.04.016","article-title":"The Psychosocial Burden of Obesity","volume":"45","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"key20250218130804_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.05.014","article-title":"Perceived stress correlates with visceral obesity and lipid parameters of the metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"95","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250218130804_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20020993","article-title":"Gender Differences in Coping and Psychological Adaptation during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"20","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20250218130804_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.7570\/kjo.2015.24.3.156","article-title":"Associations between Subjective Stress Level, Health-Related Habits, and Obesity according to Gender","volume":"24","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J Obes"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20250218130804_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3390\/obesities3040023","article-title":"Exploring Factors Associated with Gender Differences in Perceived Stress among Adults with Higher Body Weight in the United States\u2014A Cross-Sectional Analysis","volume":"3","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obesities"},{"key":"key20250218130804_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10603-010-9149-y","article-title":"Eating Their Feelings: Examining Emotional Eating in At-Risk Groups in the United States","volume":"34","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Consum Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250218130804_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-019-0791-8","article-title":"Depression, emotional eating and long-term weight changes: a population-based prospective study","volume":"16","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"key20250218130804_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2014.08.036","article-title":"Gender differences in the impact of stressful life events on changes in body mass index","volume":"69","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20250218130804_B75","first-page":"134","article-title":"Gender differences in obesity related cardiovascular risk factors in Spain","volume":"48","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20250218130804_B76","article-title":"Sex Differences in the Association Between Measures of General and Central Adiposity and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction: Results From the UK Biobank","volume":"7","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20250218130804_B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/2470289718820845","article-title":"Gender Differences in Associations Between Stress and Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Outcomes","volume":"2","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gend Genome"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20250218130804_B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.14797\/mdcvj.1455","article-title":"Green Streets, Healthy Hearts: Exploring the Roles of Urban Nature and Walkability in Cardiovascular Health","volume":"20","year":"2024","journal-title":"Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J"},{"key":"key20250218130804_B79","article-title":"Environmental sustainability in cardiovascular practice: current challenges and future directions","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"16","key":"key20250218130804_B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.07.029","article-title":"Elemental Risk: Role of Metals in Cardiovascular Disease Risk","volume":"84","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20250218130804_B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.20.625","article-title":"Investigating the Relationship Between Accessibility of Green Space and Adult Obesity Rates: A Secondary Data Analysis in the United States","volume":"54","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Prev Med Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20250218130804_B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-023-00764-5","article-title":"Associations of Urban Built Environment with Cardiovascular Risks and Mortality: a Systematic Review","volume":"100","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"key20250218130804_B83","article-title":"Green space and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"301","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20250218130804_B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-022-01459-y","article-title":"Implementation of Cardiometabolic Centers and Training Programs","volume":"22","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20250218130804_B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcab043","article-title":"Potential for optimizing management of obesity in the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease","volume":"8","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250218130804_B86","first-page":"e48","article-title":"Health Literacy and Cardiovascular Disease: Fundamental Relevance to Primary and Secondary Prevention: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"138","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20250218130804_B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2019.11.007","article-title":"Health Literacy and Outcomes Among Patients With Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"8","key":"key20250218130804_B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae025","article-title":"Obesity and cardiovascular health","volume":"31","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20250218130804_B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-157-5-201209040-00475","article-title":"U.S. Preventative Services Task Force. Screening for and management of obesity in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement","volume":"157","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T08:08:19Z","timestamp":1739866099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journal.houstonmethodist.org\/articles\/10.14797\/mdcvj.1528\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.14797\/mdcvj.1528"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14797\/mdcvj.1528","relation":{},"ISSN":["1947-6108"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1947-6108","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}