{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:13:58Z","timestamp":1792426438137,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"The Korean Movement Disorder Society","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-jmd.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JMD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective Globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation (GPi-DBS) is an established treatment for dystonia, but its specific efficacy for tardive dystonia (TD) remains insufficiently documented. To evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes of GPi-DBS and to identify optimal stimulation sites in patients with medically refractory TD.Methods We retrospectively analyzed data from 26 patients with TD who underwent bilateral GPi-DBS. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the Burke\u2013Fahn\u2013Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS). Optimal stimulation sites were identified using voxelwise sweet spot analysis.Results At an average follow-up time of 42 months (range 12\u20134 months), the mean BFMDRS score improvement was 81.5%. The optimal stimulation sites were located in the posteroventral region of the GPi. Two patients experienced sustained symptom remission after DBS cessation. Complications included device-related infection (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;\/i&gt;=2), dysarthria (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;\/i&gt;=4), and gait imbalance (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;\/i&gt;= 1); no severe permanent complications occurred.Conclusion GPi-DBS is effective and safe for patients with medically refractory TD, providing significant long-term symptom relief. The optimal stimulation sites were located in the posteroventral GPi, which is consistent with those reported for patients with other dystonia types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.25164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:14:46Z","timestamp":1761696886000},"page":"49-57","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14802\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Optimal Stimulation Sites and Long-Term Efficacy of Pallidal Deep-Brain Stimulation for Patients With Tardive Dystonia"],"prefix":"10.14802","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0239-4722","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Taku","family":"Nonaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3016-3244","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shiro","family":"Horisawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kilsoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Murakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiko","family":"Nishitani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takakazu","family":"Kawamata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9982-4493","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Takaomi","family":"Taira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"5803","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.199"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0b013e31829d86b6"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/dyst.2023.10957"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-020-00898-3"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/jcp.tv17016ah4c"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.157.4.585"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.165"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.842"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000316763"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000002370"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-10965-8"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life11060477"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.08.068"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz046"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2114985119"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000149762.80932.55"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0b013e3181aaea01"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22100"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.11.013"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7404-x"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0306-4522(00)00364-x"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2006.104.4.488"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.620"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr122"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21616"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25353"}],"container-title":["Journal of Movement Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/e-jmd.org\/upload\/pdf\/jmd-25164.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/e-jmd.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.14802\/jmd.25164","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/e-jmd.org\/upload\/pdf\/jmd-25164.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T05:36:09Z","timestamp":1770269769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/e-jmd.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.14802\/jmd.25164"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14802\/jmd.25164","relation":{},"ISSN":["2093-4939"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2093-4939","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Print publication","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}