{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T01:09:33Z","timestamp":1778461773056,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"The Korean Movement Disorder Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002543","name":"Pusan National University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-jmd.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JMD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN) is a rare X-linked disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the &lt;i&gt;WDR45&lt;\/i&gt; gene. Early diagnosis remains challenging because of nonspecific presentations in childhood. We report six pediatric patients with BPAN identified through genetic testing performed during evaluations of neurodevelopmental disorders. All the participants were female and exhibited early developmental delay, severe language impairment, and varying degrees of motor dysfunction. Seizures occurred in four patients with varying severity. Two patients showed signs of central precocious puberty. Serum neuron-specific enolase levels were elevated in all tested patients. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed corpus callosum thinning in all the patients. Iron accumulation in the substantia nigra and globus pallidus was observed in only two older patients. &lt;i&gt;WDR45&lt;\/i&gt; variants included two nonsense mutations, two splice sites, one in-frame deletion, and one novel frameshift deletion. Our findings highlight early clinical features that may aid in recognizing BPAN prior to the emergence of distinctive MRI abnormalities or degenerative-phase manifestations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.25281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T07:48:52Z","timestamp":1765352932000},"page":"187-191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14802\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early Phenotypic Features of Beta-Propeller Protein-Associated Neurodegeneration: Insights From a Korean Series"],"prefix":"10.14802","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1145-8672","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yun Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5679-0126","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Soo-Yeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4727-7018","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yun-Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Children\u2019s Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1946-9939","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seung Hwan","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3138-1881","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seong-Min","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4274-7415","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jae\u2011Hyeok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"5803","reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1708","volume-title":"\u03b2-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration: a new X-linked dominant disorder with 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