{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T01:09:32Z","timestamp":1778461772992,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"The Korean Movement Disorder Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-jmd.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JMD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective In late-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), wheelchair mobility becomes essential, yet little is known about the endurance and efficiency of wheelchairs. For individuals who struggle with manual wheelchair (MW) propulsion, a cycling wheelchair (CW) may provide an alternative. In this study, endurance and efficiency were compared between MWs and CWs during continuous driving, including turning tasks, in late-stage PD.Methods Nine participants with late-stage PD performed the 6-minute push test using both MWs and CWs. Total distance, average speed, and the Physiological Cost Index (PCI) were measured. The PCI was calculated from the pre- and post-driving heart rates.Results Compared with the use of MWs, the use of CWs resulted in a significantly greater total distance and a lower PCI, and similar patterns were observed among participants at Hoehn and Yahr stage V (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;\/i&gt;=6).Conclusion Compared with MW use, CW use may enable more enduring and efficient mobility in late-stage PD. Further studies are needed to validate these preliminary findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.25317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T02:13:41Z","timestamp":1768961621000},"page":"203-207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14802\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Endurance and Efficiency of Cycling and Manual Wheelchairs in Late-Stage Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.14802","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6271-6983","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mayura","family":"Konzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kio University, Nara, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Tsurumaki-Onsen Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5536-2474","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Masaru","family":"Narita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurorehabilitation Center for Intractable Neurological Diseases, Hokkaido Neurological Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan"},{"name":"Task Force on Parkinson\u2019s Disease, Japanese Society of Neurological Physical Therapy, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0671-3231","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Masaki","family":"Naito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Tsurumaki-Onsen Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6045-7426","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ayumi","family":"Ide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Tsurumaki-Onsen 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