{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:33:36Z","timestamp":1793320416299,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"The Korean Movement Disorder Society","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-jmd.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JMD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cognitive impairment is a major nonmotor symptom of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), yet effective strategies for preserving cognitive function remain limited. Although physical exercise may confer cognitive benefits, the biological pathways linking exercise to cognition in PD remain incompletely established. This narrative review presents a hypothesis-generating translational framework for 4 candidate mechanistic domains that may contribute to exercise-related cognitive effects in PD. First, exercise-responsive neurotrophic signaling, particularly through brain-derived neurotrophic factor\u2013tropomyosin receptor kinase B, insulin-like growth factor 1, and vascular endothelial growth factor pathways, may support synaptic plasticity, neuronal survival, and neurovascular function. Second, exercise may modulate dopaminergic, cholinergic, and noradrenergic systems and influence corticostriatal plasticity relevant to cognitive function. Third, muscle-derived factors and exercise-induced metabolites may affect neurotrophic signaling, neuronal metabolism, and autophagy\u2013lysosomal clearance of \u03b1-synuclein. Fourth, exercise may regulate systemic and central inflammatory responses through cytokine signaling, glial activation, inflammasome pathways, and complement-mediated synaptic remodeling. The evidence supporting these pathways is derived from basic, preclinical, observational, and exercise-intervention studies, but the strength of evidence varies considerably across stages of translation. Direct evidence that exercise-induced biological changes mediate cognitive improvement in patients with PD is lacking. These pathways should therefore be regarded as candidate mechanisms for hypothesis-driven investigation of the cognitive effects of exercise in PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.26260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T04:42:17Z","timestamp":1791780137000},"page":"384-397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14802\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Candidate Neurobiological Pathways Linking Physical Exercise to Cognition in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Hypothesis-Generating Translational Framework"],"prefix":"10.14802","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8072-1876","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kyeongho","family":"Byun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sport Science, Sport Science Institute & Health Promotion Center, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9120-2075","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jee-Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson and Rare Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8754-9180","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ryul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson and Rare Disease Center, Department of Neurology, Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"5803","container-title":["Journal of Movement Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/e-jmd.org\/upload\/pdf\/jmd-26260.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/e-jmd.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.14802\/jmd.26260","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/e-jmd.org\/upload\/pdf\/jmd-26260.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:01:20Z","timestamp":1793318480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/e-jmd.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.14802\/jmd.26260"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14802\/jmd.26260","relation":{},"ISSN":["2093-4939"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2093-4939","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-08-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Print publication","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}