{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:10:06Z","timestamp":1790622606944,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,15]],"date-time":"2016-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Birt\u2013Hogg\u2013Dub\u00e9 syndrome (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BHDS<\/jats:styled-content>) is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder caused by germline mutations in the <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FLCN<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> gene, and characterized by skin fibrofolliculomas, multiple lung cysts, spontaneous pneumothorax, and renal neoplasms. Pulmonary manifestations frequently develop earlier than other organ involvements, prompting a diagnosis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BHDS<\/jats:styled-content>. However, the mechanism of lung cyst formation and pathogenesis of pneumothorax have not yet been clarified. Fibroblasts were isolated from lung tissues obtained from patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BHDS<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a012) and lung cancer (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a010) as controls. The functional abilities of these lung fibroblasts were evaluated by the tests for chemotaxis to fibronectin and three\u2010dimensional (3\u2010D) gel contraction. Fibroblasts from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BHDS<\/jats:styled-content> patients showed diminished chemotaxis as compared with fibroblasts from controls. Expression of <jats:italic>fibronectin<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b21<\/jats:italic> was significantly reduced in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BHDS<\/jats:styled-content> fibroblasts when assessed by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">qPCR<\/jats:styled-content>. Addition of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>1 in culture medium of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BHDS<\/jats:styled-content> lung fibroblasts significantly restored these cells' abilities of chemotaxis and gel contraction. Human fetal lung fibroblasts (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HFL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101) exhibited reduced chemotaxis and 3\u2010D gel contraction when <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FLCN<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> expression was knocked down. To the contrary, a significant increase in chemotactic activity toward to fibronectin was demonstrated when wild\u2010type <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FLCN<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> was overexpressed, whereas transduction of mutant <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FLCN<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> showed no effect on chemotaxis. Our results suggest that <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FLCN<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> is associated with chemotaxis in lung fibroblasts. Together with reduced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>1 expression by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BHDS<\/jats:styled-content> lung fibroblasts, a state of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FLCN<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> haploinsufficiency may cause lung fibroblast dysfunction, thereby impairing tissue repair. These may reveal one mechanism of lung cyst formation and pneumothorax in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BHDS<\/jats:styled-content> patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,16]],"date-time":"2016-11-16T13:16:37Z","timestamp":1479302197000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Haploinsufficiency of the <i>folliculin<\/i> gene leads to impaired functions of lung fibroblasts in patients with Birt\u2013Hogg\u2013Dub\u00e9 syndrome"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Yoshito","family":"Hoshika","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Respiratory Medicine Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"The Study Group of Pneumothorax and Cystic Lung Diseases Tokyo 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