{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T16:02:36Z","timestamp":1784044956370,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,7]],"date-time":"2017-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cigarette smoking is an environmental risk factor associated with a variety of pathologies including cardiovascular disease, inflammation, and cancer development. Interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IC<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BPS<\/jats:styled-content>) is a chronic inflammatory bladder disease with multiple etiological contributors and risk factors associated with its development, including cigarette smoking. Previously, we determined that cigarette smoking was associated with bladder wall accumulation of platelet activating factor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAF<\/jats:styled-content>), a potent inflammatory mediator that facilitates transendothelial cell migration of inflammatory cells from the circulation.<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAF<\/jats:styled-content>has been shown to reduce expression of tight junctional proteins which could ultimately lead to increased urothelial cell permeability. In this study, we observed that cigarette smoke extract (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSE<\/jats:styled-content>) treatment of human urothelial cells increases<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAF<\/jats:styled-content>production and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAF<\/jats:styled-content>receptor expression and reduces wound healing ability. After exposure to cigarette smoke for 6\u00a0months, wild\u2010type C57<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BL<\/jats:styled-content>\/6 mice displayed urothelial thinning and destruction which was not detected in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">iPLA<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>(enzyme responsible for<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAF<\/jats:styled-content>production) animals. We also detected increased urinary<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAF<\/jats:styled-content>concentration in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IC<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BPS<\/jats:styled-content>patients when compared to controls, with an even greater increase in urinary<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAF<\/jats:styled-content>concentration in smokers with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IC<\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BPS<\/jats:styled-content>. These data indicate that cigarette smoking is associated with urothelial cell damage that may be a result of increased<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAF<\/jats:styled-content>receptor interaction. Inhibition of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">iPLA<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>activity or blocking of the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAF<\/jats:styled-content>receptor interaction could serve as a potential therapeutic target for managing cigarette smoke\u2010induced bladder damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,8]],"date-time":"2017-03-08T01:10:26Z","timestamp":1488935426000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Cigarette smoke\u2010induced urothelial cell damage: potential role of platelet\u2010activating factor"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Shannon E.","family":"Kispert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Saint Louis University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Marentette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Saint Louis University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Cristian","family":"Campian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology &amp; Women's Health Saint Louis University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. Scott","family":"Isbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Saint Louis University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Kuenzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Saint Louis University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"McHowat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Saint Louis University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-011-9320-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.50.31937"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.12.6758"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000070849"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"S165","article-title":"Influence of the specific antagonist of PAF\u2010acether, BN 52021, and of Ginkgo extract on the rejection of murine tail skin allografts and the PAF\u2010acether mortality in mice in particular consideration of the role of TXB2","volume":"47","author":"Becker K.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biomed. 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