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To compare the effects of intraduodenal infusions of <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010tryptophan (TRP), <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010leucine (LEU), <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010phenylalanine (PHE) and <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\u2010glutamine (GLN) on appetite, gastrointestinal hormone responses (including ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101 [GLP\u20101]), glycemia (glucagon, insulin and glucose) and test meal size in healthy males, we retrospectively analyzed data from four published independent, randomized, double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled studies of 90\u2010min intraduodenal infusions of the individual AAs. The designs of the studies were identical, except the dose of TRP (0.15\u00a0kcal\/min) was lower than that of the other AAs (0.45\u00a0kcal\/min) because higher doses of this AA were not well tolerated. TRP and LEU decreased intake more than PHE (reductions relative to control, ~219\u00a0\u00b1\u00a068, ~170\u00a0\u00b1\u00a048 and ~12\u00a0\u00b1\u00a057\u00a0kcal, respectively), and TRP decreased intake more than GLN (~31\u00a0\u00b1\u00a082\u00a0kcal). These effects of TRP and LEU versus GLN, but not versus PHE, were paralleled by greater decreases in plasma ghrelin, and increases in CCK, concentrations. TRP increased PYY more than GLN or LEU, but not PHE. LEU increased PYY less than PHE. No significant differences were detected for GLP\u20101. PHE increased glucagon more than TRP or LEU, and increased insulin more than TRP. Under our experimental conditions, intraduodenal TRP and LEU were more satiating than PHE and GLN. The greater satiating efficacy of LEU versus PHE was significantly dissociated from the effects of these AAs on PYY, while the greater satiating potency of TRP versus PHE was significantly dissociated from the effects of these AAs on insulin and glucagon. In contrast, ghrelin and CCK, and potentially other mechanisms, including central sensing of individual AAs, appear to be stronger candidate mechanisms for the relative satiating effects obtained.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,15]],"date-time":"2017-11-15T01:10:41Z","timestamp":1510708241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Comparative effects of intraduodenal amino acid infusions on food intake and gut hormone release in healthy males"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7884-5036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert E.","family":"Steinert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide Medical School University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery Division of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery University Hospital Z\u00fcrich Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8667-7316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sina S.","family":"Ullrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide Medical School University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nori","family":"Geary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Weill Medical College of Cornell University New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2599-6855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lori","family":"Asarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine\u2010Immunobiology Robert Larner College of Medicine University of Vermont Burlington Vermont"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1391-0842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Bueter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Division of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery University Hospital Z\u00fcrich Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3067-7157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Horowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide Medical School University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6848-0125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Feinle\u2010Bisset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide Medical School University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.11.3011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(94)90123-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030204"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Is there a role for serotonin (5\u2010hydroxytryptamine) in feeding?","volume":"1","author":"Blundell J. 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