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However, increased vascular shear stress is generally thought to be involved. Here, we manipulated exercise\u2010independent and exercise\u2010dependent shear stress using systemic heat stress with localized single\u2010leg cooling (low shear) followed by single\u2010leg knee extensor exercise with the cooled or heated leg (Study 1, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a08) and whole\u2010body passive heat stress followed by cycling (Study 2, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a08). We quantified femoral artery shear rates (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SR<\/jats:styled-content>s) and arterial and venous platelet microvesicles (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2013<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>41<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) and endothelial microvesicles (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2013<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>62E<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>). In Study 1, mild passive heat stress while one leg remained cooled did not affect [microvesicle] (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0\u2265\u00a00.05). Single\u2010leg knee extensor exercise increased active leg <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SR<\/jats:styled-content>s by ~12\u2010fold and increased arterial and venous [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMV<\/jats:styled-content>s] by two\u2010 to threefold, even in the nonexercising contralateral leg (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). In Study 2, moderate whole\u2010body passive heat stress increased arterial [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMV<\/jats:styled-content>] compared with baseline (mean\u00b1<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SE<\/jats:styled-content>, from 19.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.5 to 35.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.4 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMV<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sup>.<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>L<jats:sup>\u22121.<\/jats:sup>10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05), and cycling with heat stress increased [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMV<\/jats:styled-content>] further in the venous circulation (from 27.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.2 at baseline to 57.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07.2 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMV<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sup>.<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>L<jats:sup>\u22121.<\/jats:sup>10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> during cycling with heat stress, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05), with a tendency for increased appearance of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMV<\/jats:styled-content> across exercising limbs. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that whole\u2010body heat stress may increase arterial [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMV<\/jats:styled-content>], and intense exercise engaging either large or small muscle mass promote <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMV<\/jats:styled-content> formation locally and systemically, with no influence upon [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMV<\/jats:styled-content>]. Local shear stress, however, does not appear to be the major stimulus modulating <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PMV<\/jats:styled-content> formation in healthy humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,10]],"date-time":"2017-11-10T01:10:17Z","timestamp":1510276217000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Whole\u2010body heat stress and exercise stimulate the appearance of platelet microvesicles in plasma with limited influence of vascular shear stress"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2679-0744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eurico N.","family":"Wilhelm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Performance, Exercise, and Rehabilitation College of Health and Life Sciences Brunel University London Uxbridge United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Performance, Exercise, and Rehabilitation College of Health and Life Sciences Brunel University London Uxbridge United Kingdom"},{"name":"Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences Department of Life Sciences Brunel University London Uxbridge United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott T.","family":"Chiesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Performance, Exercise, and Rehabilitation College of Health and Life Sciences Brunel University London Uxbridge United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Trangmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Performance, Exercise, and Rehabilitation College of Health and Life Sciences Brunel University London Uxbridge United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kameljit K.","family":"Kalsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Performance, Exercise, and Rehabilitation College of Health and Life Sciences Brunel University London Uxbridge United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1965-3277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Rakobowchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Performance, Exercise, and Rehabilitation College of Health and Life Sciences Brunel University London Uxbridge United Kingdom"},{"name":"Faculty of Science Department of Biological Sciences Thompson Rivers University Kamloops British Columbia 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