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Airways constitute a primary route of exposure but PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\u2010contaminated food, drinks as well as mucociliary and hepatobiliary clearance all constitute potential entry points into the intestine. This study evaluated intestinal histopathological and inflammatory changes as well as enteric neuronal numbers after short\u2010 or long\u2010term exposure to urban PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>. Using a nebulizer, male rats were exposed to a mist with a concentration of 5.3mg PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> for 8\u00a0h (short term) or 1.8\u00a0mg PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> for 3\u00a0h\/day, 5\u00a0days\/week for 8\u00a0weeks (long\u2010term) with controls run in parallel. Samples were taken from three regions of the small intestine as well as the colon. Results showed that short\u2010term exposure to PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> induces mucosal lesions and reduces IL1\u03b2 levels in the small intestine but not colon. No significant changes were observed after long\u2010term exposure, suggesting the presence of intestinal adaptation to environmental stressors in the PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>. To our knowledge, this is the first study to systematically characterize regional effects along the intestine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T11:50:35Z","timestamp":1649850635000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Short\u2010term exposure to urban PM<sub>2.5<\/sub> particles induces histopathological and inflammatory changes in the rat small intestine"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Lena","family":"Ohlsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Experimental Vascular Research Department of Clinical Sciences Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Isaxon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology Department of Design Sciences Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3378-7925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Wrighton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection Medicine Department of Clinical Sciences Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wissal","family":"El Ouahidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Applied Neurovascular Research Department of Clinical Sciences Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Fornell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Applied Neurovascular Research Department of Clinical Sciences Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Uller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Respiratory Immunopharmacology Department of Experimental Medical Sciences Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saema","family":"Ansar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Applied Neurovascular Research Department of Clinical Sciences Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3208-2851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrikke","family":"Voss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Applied Neurovascular Research Department of Clinical Sciences Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP136"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20103083.2005.01682.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1749754"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201017204\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/A429"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743\u20108977\u201010\u201012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"Cassee F. 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