{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T18:36:59Z","timestamp":1790102219282,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Oral contraceptives (OC) are associated with increased risk of hypertension and elevated blood pressure (BP). Whether non\u2010oral hormonal contraceptives have similar associations is unknown. We sought to investigate the effect of non\u2010oral hormonal contraceptive (NOHC) use on the risk of hypertension and changes in BP, compared to non\u2010hormonal contraceptive and OC use. We searched bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) until August 2020. Studies reporting risk of hypertension or changes in systolic and diastolic BP with NOHC use compared with either non\u2010hormonal contraceptive or OC use. Abstract screening, full\u2010text review, data extraction, and quality assessment were completed in duplicate. For studies reporting dichotomous outcomes, we reported results as relative risk with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A random\u2010effects model was used to estimate pooled weighted mean difference and 95% CI of change in BP. Twenty\u2010five studies were included. A lower incidence of hypertension was observed with injectable contraceptive use compared to non\u2010hormonal contraceptive\u00a0and OC use, although it was unclear if this was statistically significant. Compared to non\u2010hormonal contraceptive use, injectable contraceptive use was associated with increased BP (SBP: 3.24\u00a0mmHg, 95%CI 2.49 to 3.98\u00a0mmHg; DBP: 3.15\u00a0mmHg, 95%CI 0.09 to 6.20\u00a0mmHg), the hormonal intra\u2010uterine device use was associated with reduced BP (SBP: \u22124.50\u00a0mmHg, 95%CI \u22128.44 to \u22120.57\u00a0mmHg; DBP: \u22127.48\u00a0mmHg, 95% \u221214.90 to \u22120.05\u00a0mmHg), and the vaginal ring was associated with reduced diastolic BP (\u22123.90\u00a0mmHg, 95%CI \u22126.67 to \u22121.13\u00a0mmHg). Compared to OC use, the injectable contraceptive use was associated with increased diastolic BP (2.38\u00a0mmHg, 95%CI 0.39 to 4.38\u00a0mmHg). NOHC use is associated with changes in BP which differ by type and route of administration. Given the strong association between incremental increases in BP and cardiovascular risk, prospective studies are required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T02:46:06Z","timestamp":1651718766000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The effect of non\u2010oral hormonal contraceptives on hypertension and blood pressure: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2186-2139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cindy Z.","family":"Kalenga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1165-6200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra M.","family":"Dumanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Kidney Disease Network  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Metcalfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magali","family":"Robert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara A.","family":"Nerenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"MacRae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Premji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Victoria  Victoria British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3000-2229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia B.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Kidney Disease Network  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.asn.0000114555.16297.5a"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"1022","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injections as contraceptives on some coagulation paramters","volume":"8","author":"Al\u2010Obaidy M. J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacy Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S59852"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"205","article-title":"Contraceptive use in women with heart disease","volume":"66","author":"Avila W. S.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arquivos Brasileiros De Cardiologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2009.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.05.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2012.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303349"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey078"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2011.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.3.483"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010015\u20101392\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13625187.2018.1455087"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001310"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1994.446"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1414"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","volume-title":"Physiology, renin angiotensin system","author":"Fountain J. H.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.307547"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr1340"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002\u20108703(84)90144\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S26055"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0889\u20108545(02)00009\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/cuog.2003.0304"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Effect of oral and injectable contraceptives on serum electrolytes, weight and blood pressure","volume":"13","author":"Hameed A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","first-page":"409","article-title":"Effect of hormonal contraceptives on serum electrolytes and blood pressure","volume":"28","author":"Haroon S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2001.280.3.R807"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010\u20107824(83)90044\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0010\u20107824(97)00118\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(12)61766\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2008.07.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(77)90888\u20101"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"Effect of prolonged use of injectable hormonal contraceptives on blood pressure and body weight","volume":"13","author":"Mia A. R.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2011.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2046\u20104053\u20104\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(17)32152\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13697130902905757"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010\u20107824(93)90034\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00602.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0039\u2010128x(96)00007\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0010\u20107824(01)00212\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010\u20107824(93)90096\u2010p"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088\u2010198409010\u201000001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112874"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2008.148"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010\u20107824(94)90049\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.11935"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0039\u2010128x(00)00174\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13697130400001307"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010\u20107824(81)90004\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000030940.73167.4e"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002\u20109378(90)90569\u2010s"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","first-page":"14898","article-title":"RoB 2: A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne J. A. C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0010\u20107824(99)00037\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa003216"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","unstructured":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. (2019).World Contraceptive Use 2019.Estimates and projections of Family Planning Indicators 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874\u2010015\u20100024\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","unstructured":"Wells G. Shea B. &O\u2019Connell D.The Newcastle\u2010Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta\u2010analysis. Ottawa Hospital Research Institute. Accessed November 18 2018.http:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.02.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1731"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002\u20109378(98)70149\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.015293"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471\u20100528.1984.tb04747.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07\u20100180"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","first-page":"62","article-title":"Study of effects of oral and injectable contraceptives on blood pressure","volume":"8","author":"Yasmin N.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, Education and Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","first-page":"438","article-title":"The effect of low done oral contraceptives and levonorgestrel implants on blood pressure and body weight of women","volume":"14","author":"Yildirim A.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Archives of Hellenic Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.178004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2017.06.001"}],"container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.14814\/phy2.15267","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.14814\/phy2.15267","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.14814\/phy2.15267","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T21:23:00Z","timestamp":1705440180000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.14814\/phy2.15267"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.14814\/phy2.15267"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14814\/phy2.15267","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2051-817X","2051-817X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2051-817X","type":"print"},{"value":"2051-817X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-10-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-03-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e15267"}}