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Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) abundance in plasma of mice and humans induces negative energy balance but also becomes highly elevated in obesity and other metabolic diseases. We sought to compare plasma GDF15\u00a0levels in PLWH and HIV\u2010negative persons and mouse models expressing the HIV accessory protein Vpr (that recapitulate HIV\u2010associated metabolic disorders) and determine their relationship to metabolic parameters. We measured liver <jats:italic>Gdf15<\/jats:italic>\u00a0mRNA levels and plasma GDF15\u00a0levels in male Vpr mice and littermate controls. In parallel, we analyzed plasma GDF15\u00a0levels in 18\u00a0male PLWH on stable, long\u2010term antiretroviral therapy and 13 HIV\u2010negative men (6\u00a0healthy controls and 7 with metabolic syndrome). Plasma GDF15\u00a0levels were correlated with anthropometric and immune cell parameters in humans. Gene expression analysis of Vpr mouse liver demonstrated elevated <jats:italic>Gdf15<\/jats:italic>\u00a0mRNA. Plasma GDF15\u00a0levels were also higher in Vpr mouse models. Levels of plasma GDF15 in PLWH were greater than in both HIV\u2010negative groups and correlated positively with the CD4\/CD8\u00a0T cell ratio in PLWH. Plasma GDF15\u00a0levels correlated positively with age in the HIV\u2010negative subjects but not in PLWH. Since GDF15\u00a0levels predict fatty liver disease and energy balance disorders, further studies are warranted to determine the effect of GDF15 in mediating the metabolic disturbances that occur in Vpr mice and PLWH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T06:45:30Z","timestamp":1651733130000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Heightened levels of plasma growth differentiation factor 15 in men living with HIV"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Neeti","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Baylor College of Medicine  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia E.","family":"Ramirez Bustamante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, 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