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Recent findings suggest that physiological adaptations to acute exercise comprise potential anticancer effects, but these remain poorly explored in clinical settings. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of a single exercise bout on tumor oxygenation and immune cell infiltration in patients with prostate cancer. Thirty patients with localized prostate cancer were randomized (2:1) to either one high\u2010intensity interval training bout or no exercise on the day before radical prostatectomy. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed on prostatic tissue from surgery and assessed for tumor hypoxia, natural killer (NK) cell infiltration, and microvessel density (MVD). Acute systemic response in blood lymphocytes, epinephrine, norepinephrine, IL\u20106, tumor necrosis factor, cortisol, lactate, and glucose was also evaluated. We did not find between\u2010group differences in tumor hypoxia (Mann\u2013Whitney <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic> test<jats:italic>, U<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200983.5, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.604) or NK cell infiltration (<jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200977.0, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.328). Also, no significant correlation was found between MVD and tumor hypoxia or NK cell infiltration. One exercise bout is likely insufficient to modulate tumor hypoxia or NK cell infiltration. Future studies may elucidate if an accumulation of several exercise bouts can impact these outcomes (NCT03675529, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\">www.clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T05:45:37Z","timestamp":1665035137000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Effects of acute exercise training on tumor outcomes in men with localized prostate cancer: A randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8879-3644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sissal Sigmundsd\u00f3ttir","family":"Djurhuus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Physical Activity Research Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Rigshospitalet  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(UCPH)  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janine Terra","family":"Erler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) University of Copenhagen (UCPH)  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin Andreas","family":"R\u00f8der","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pernille","family":"Hojman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Physical Activity Research Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Rigshospitalet  Copenhagen 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