{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T08:17:09Z","timestamp":1790151429020,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity are common illnesses characterized by glucose metabolism issues and excessive weight gain. Breastfeeding is the best way to feed a newborn up to 6\u2009months old and it has been shown to reduce the risk of diabetes and obesity later in life due to its nutritional properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of breastfeeding, formula feeding, and formula\u2010plus breastfeeding (mix\u2010feeding) on the anthropometric indices, metabolic variables, and the expression level of obesity and diabetes\u2010predisposing genes of healthy infants. A total of 150 healthy infants were enrolled in this cross\u2010sectional study. All infants (aged 24\u2009months) were divided into three groups based on the type of feeding, breastfeeding, formula feeding, and mix\u2010feeding. The anthropometric indices, glycemic indexes, lipid profile, and the expression levels of acetyl\u2010coenzyme A carboxylase beta (\n                    <jats:italic>ACACB<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor (\n                    <jats:italic>BDNF<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), liver X receptor \u03b1 (\n                    <jats:italic>LXR\u2010\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), peroxisome proliferator\u2010activated receptor \u03b3 (\n                    <jats:italic>PPAR\u2010\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and phosphatase and tensin homolog (\n                    <jats:italic>PTEN<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) genes were measured in all infants using reverse transcription\u2010polymerase chain reaction (RT\u2010PCR) method. The anthropometric indices including weight, height, head circumference, insulin, total cholesterol (TC), low\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL\u2010C), and high\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL\u2010C) were lower in the breastfeeding infants in comparison to other groups. As well, the expression level of the\n                    <jats:italic>ACACB<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene was significantly downregulated in breastfeeding infants, while the\n                    <jats:italic>PPAR\u2010\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene was significantly upregulated, but the expression levels of\n                    <jats:italic>LXR\u2010 \u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>PTEN<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>BDNF<\/jats:italic>\n                    did not change significantly across groups. Breastfeeding compared to formula feeding had positive effects on anthropometric indices, metabolic variables, and diabetes\u2010predisposing genes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T02:44:45Z","timestamp":1665024285000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The effects of breastfeeding and formula feeding on the metabolic factors and the expression level of obesity and diabetes\u2010predisposing genes in healthy infants"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sahar","family":"Cheshmeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences  Kermanshah Iran"},{"name":"Student Research Committee, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology Kermanshah 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