{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:20:48Z","timestamp":1790799648022,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We explored the impact of a low\u2010carbohydrate\/high\u2010protein diet (LC\/HP, ~30% energy from protein, 40% energy from carbohydrate) on indices of metabolic function and body composition in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). Adults with SCI (\u22653\u2009years post\u2010injury, C4\u2010L2, AIS A\u2010D) and insulin resistance or pre\u2010diabetes were randomly assigned to an 8\u2010week iso\u2010caloric LC\/HP diet group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a011) or control group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a014). All LC\/HP meals were delivered weekly to participants' homes, and participants in the control group consumed their habitual diet. Each participant underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to assess glucose tolerance, insulin, area under the curve (AUC) for glucose and insulin, Matsuda Index, glucose\u2010stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), disposition index, and hepatic insulin extraction (HIE). Fasting blood lipid and inflammation were assessed, and body composition was estimated using dual\u2010energy x\u2010ray absorptiometry. A linear mixed model was used to evaluate the main effect of diet, time, and their interaction. Compared to the control group, participants in the LC\/HP group had reduced total body fat mass (LC\/HP: \u22125.9%, Control: 0.7%), visceral fat mass (LC\/HP: \u221216.2%, Control: 5.2%), total\u2010 (LC\/HP: \u221220.1, Control: 3.7\u00a0mg\/dl), and LDL\u2010cholesterol (LC\/HP: \u221213.9, Control: 3.1\u00a0mg\/dl) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>diet*time<\/jats:sub>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 for all). Regardless of group, AUC<jats:sub>insulin<\/jats:sub> and peak insulin during the OGTT decreased, and HIE increased over time (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>time<\/jats:sub>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). A trend for diet*time interaction was observed for glucose<jats:sub>OGTT120min<\/jats:sub> (LC\/HP: \u221220.7, Control: 3.0\u00a0mg\/dl, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>diet*time<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a00.09) and peak C\u2010peptide (LC\/HP: \u22122.1, Control: 0.0\u00a0ng\/ml, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>diet*time<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a00.07). HDL\u2010cholesterol, lean body mass, Matsuda Index, fasting glucose, insulin, insulin<jats:sub>OGTT120min<\/jats:sub>, AUC<jats:sub>glucose<\/jats:sub>, pancreatic beta cell function (GSIS, disposition index), and inflammation (C\u2010reactive protein, IL\u20106, IL\u20108, IL\u201010, TNF\u2010\u03b1) did not change over time. In conclusion, our results suggest that individuals with SCI and insulin resistance may adopt an LC\/HP diet to improve body composition and lipid profiles. Its impact on glucose metabolism and inflammation remains inconclusive and warrants future investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T07:25:13Z","timestamp":1669101913000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Effects of a low\u2010carbohydrate\/high\u2010protein diet on metabolic health in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury: An exploratory analysis of results from a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1076-4496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation The University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Gower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Sciences UAB School of Health Professions  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amie","family":"McLain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation The University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8437-770X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ceren","family":"Yarar\u2010Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation The University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"},{"name":"Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Neuroscience The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2014.184"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.96"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-S005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2005.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(94)90126-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-9651(18)30150-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2001.11753584"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/sci2303-188"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(83)90004-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-0098"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.11.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2018.1552544"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.86.1.350"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101818"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1651"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-017-0400-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7010017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102432"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.9.2375"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.4.734"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","first-page":"305","article-title":"Effects of metal implants on whole\u2010body dual\u2010energy x\u2010ray absorptiometry measurements of bone mineral content and body composition","volume":"54","author":"Giangregorio L. M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000170127.54394.eb"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2012.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000245"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31822672aa"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2009.11760749"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.5.774"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2004.10719381"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.178"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.1064"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine. (2005).Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended dietary allowances and adequate intakes total water and macronutrients."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.150"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.393"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5041218"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.05.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.3.599"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.595"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","first-page":"54","article-title":"Increased dietary protein as a dietary strategy to prevent and\/or treat obesity","volume":"111","author":"Leidy H. J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Missouri Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.084038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2021.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2022.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-10-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.18.2414"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6048954"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.9.1462"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320438"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.12.S1.42"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/289645"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2020.08.076"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2011.11.0215"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","volume-title":"Facts and figures at a glance 2020","author":"National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.164889"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.14.9.824"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507819155"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1994.tb00273.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-2806(98)80003-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2018.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/sci1702-59"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2016.1209890"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12178"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2012.37"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.1.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2018.08.153"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12056"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.08.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121291"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-10-40"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2005.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","volume-title":"Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020\u20132025","author":"U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01808"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-6646(08)60062-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.1.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-080508-141056"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303316"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114857"}],"container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.14814\/phy2.15501","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.14814\/phy2.15501","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.14814\/phy2.15501","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,26]],"date-time":"2023-12-26T10:48:07Z","timestamp":1703587687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.14814\/phy2.15501"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.14814\/phy2.15501"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14814\/phy2.15501","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2051-817X","2051-817X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2051-817X","type":"print"},{"value":"2051-817X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-06-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-10-10","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e15501"}}