{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:12:01Z","timestamp":1753884721461,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The 2D:4D ratio is the putative marker of prenatal hormone exposure and has been suggested as a correlate of adult circulating testosterone and estrogen. The study aimed to determine whether sexual dimorphism in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) can be partly explained by the 2D:4D ratio or adult circulating testosterone or estrogen. The study was cross\u2010sectional from June to December 2021 at the University for Development Studies. The study involved 206 healthy adults (Female\u00a0=\u00a093, Male\u00a0=\u00a0113) between 18 and 30\u2009years. The 2D:4D ratio was measured using computer\u2010assisted analysis. Venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for testosterone, estradiol and creatinine using the ELISA technique and routine biochemical analysis. The adjusted eGFR was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD\u2010EPI) creatinine equation (2021). The eGFR and the testosterone\u2010to\u2010estradiol ratio (TT:E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) were significantly higher in males than in females (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). There was a significant interaction between sex and the TT:E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> on the eGFR (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Although the relationship between the eGFR and the TT:E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was negative in both males and females, a unit change in the TT:E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> had a greater impact on the eGFR in females (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u22121.38) than in males (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.01). Sexual dimorphism in the eGFR is influenced by both testosterone and estradiol. Although the sex difference in the eGFR may be influenced by the TT:E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, estrogen seems to account for more variability in the eGFR than testosterone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T07:55:09Z","timestamp":1668671709000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Does sex interact with the <scp>2D<\/scp>:<scp>4D<\/scp> ratio or adult circulating hormones on the estimated glomerular filtration rate? A cross\u2010sectional study in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3594-6077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moses","family":"Banyeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science University for Development Studies  Tamale Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kervin Edinam","family":"Zogli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science University for Development Studies  Tamale Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hisham Alhassan","family":"Osumanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science University for Development Studies  Tamale Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Obeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science University for Development Studies  Tamale Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tuah Kwabena","family":"Acheampong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science University for Development Studies  Tamale Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clement Binwatin","family":"Dagungong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science University for Development Studies  Tamale Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Bayor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science University for Development Studies  Tamale Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nafiu","family":"Amidu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science University for Development Studies  Tamale Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0208-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3303588"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620\u2010014\u20100077\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1411.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp765"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2018.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016040454"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33590\/emj\/10312319"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006231-200501000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2018.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2020.v110i3.13995"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2007.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00099.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2014.902993"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00349.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.364.6444.923"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9877(02)00400-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"211","article-title":"Second to fourth digit ratio (2D: 4D) and testosterone in men","volume":"6","author":"Manning J.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Andrology"},{"volume-title":"Digit ratio: A pointer to fertility, behavior, and health","year":"2002","author":"Manning J. 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