{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:06:23Z","timestamp":1787022383059,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    After a bout of isolated inspiratory work, such as inspiratory pressure threshold loading (IPTL), the human diaphragm can exhibit a reversible loss in contractile function, as evidenced by a decrease in transdiaphragmatic twitch pressure (P\n                    <jats:sub>DI,TW<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Whether or not diaphragm fatigability after IPTL is affected by neural mechanisms, measured through voluntary activation of the diaphragm (D\u2010VA) in addition to contractile mechanisms, is unknown. It is also unknown if changes in D\u2010VA are similar between sexes given observed differences in diaphragm fatigability between males and females. We sought to determine whether D\u2010VA decreases after IPTL and whether this was different between sexes. Healthy females (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a011) and males (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a010) completed an IPTL task with an inspired duty cycle of 0.7 and targeting an intensity of 60% maximal transdiaphragmatic pressure until task failure. P\n                    <jats:sub>DI,TW<\/jats:sub>\n                    and D\u2010VA were measured using cervical magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves in combination with maximal inspiratory pressure maneuvers. At task failure, P\n                    <jats:sub>DI,TW<\/jats:sub>\n                    decreased to a lesser degree in females vs. males (87\u2009\u00b1\u200915 vs. 73\u2009\u00b1\u200912% baseline, respectively,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.016). D\u2010VA decreased after IPTL but was not different between females and males (91\u2009\u00b1\u20098 vs. 88\u2009\u00b1\u200910% baseline, respectively,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.432). When all participants were pooled together, the decrease in P\n                    <jats:sub>DI,TW<\/jats:sub>\n                    correlated with both the total cumulative diaphragm pressure generation (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.43;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.021) and the time to task failure (TTF,\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 0.40;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.30) whereas the decrease in D\u2010VA correlated only with TTF (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.24;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.041). Our results suggest that neural mechanisms can contribute to diaphragm fatigability, and this contribution is similar between females and males following IPTL.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T10:29:05Z","timestamp":1674642545000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Voluntary activation of the diaphragm after inspiratory pressure threshold loading"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1851-7329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew H.","family":"Ramsook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine The University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research The University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele R.","family":"Schaeffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine The University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research The University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reid A.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine The University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research The University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satvir S.","family":"Dhillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research The University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn M.","family":"Milne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research The University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Division of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine The University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia N.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine The University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research The University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph H.","family":"Puyat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Services, Providence Research The University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Koehle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education The University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine The University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5779-5014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. 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