{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T22:39:31Z","timestamp":1784673571837,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN 2017 03749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN 2017 03749"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following high\u2010intensity, normoxic exercise there is evidence to show that healthy females, on average, exhibit less fatigue of the diaphragm relative to males. In the present study, we combined hypoxia with exercise to test the hypothesis that males and females would develop a similar degree of diaphragm fatigue following cycle exercise at the same relative exercise intensity. Healthy young participants (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a010 male; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a010 female) with a high aerobic capacity (120% predicted) performed two time\u2010to\u2010exhaustion (TTE; ~85% maximum) cycle tests on separate days breathing either a normoxic or hypoxic (F<jats:sc>i<\/jats:sc>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a00.15) gas mixture. Fatigue of the diaphragm was assessed in response to cervical magnetic stimulation prior to, immediately post\u2010exercise, 10\u2010, 30\u2010, and 60\u2010min post\u2010exercise. Males and females had similar TTE durations in normoxia (males: 690\u2009\u00b1\u2009181\u2009s; females: 852\u2009\u00b1\u2009401\u2009s) and hypoxia (males: 381\u2009\u00b1\u2009160\u2009s; females: 400\u2009\u00b1\u2009176\u2009s) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Cycling time was significantly shorter in hypoxia versus normoxia in both males and females (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and did not differ on the basis of sex (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Following the hypoxic TTE tests, males and females experienced a similar degree of diaphragm fatigue compared to normoxia as shown by 20%\u201325% reductions in transdiaphragmatic twitch pressure. This occurred despite the fact that exercise time in hypoxia was substantially shorter relative to normoxia and the cumulative diaphragm work was lower. We also observed that females did not fully recover from diaphragm fatigue in hypoxia, whereas males did (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Sex differences in the rate of diaphragm contractility recovery following exercise in hypoxia might relate to sex\u2010based differences in substrate utilization or diaphragm blood flow.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T15:11:39Z","timestamp":1674659499000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effects of hypoxia on exercise\u2010induced diaphragm fatigue in healthy males and females"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8805-6257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paige A.","family":"Reinhard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology The University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9232-4376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Archiza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology The University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos  S\u00e3o Carlos SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9285-7113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph F.","family":"Welch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, Department of Physical Therapy University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9660-6717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenna","family":"Benbaruj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology The University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4387-4547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan A.","family":"Guenette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology The University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy The University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research The University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7026-8422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael S.","family":"Koehle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology The University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5779-5014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. 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