{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:12:09Z","timestamp":1753884729445,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increased ventilatory work beyond working capacity of the respiratory muscles can induce fatigue, resulting in limited respiratory muscle endurance (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>lim<\/jats:sub>). Previous resistive breathing investigations all applied square wave inspiratory pressure as fatigue\u2010inducing pattern. Spontaneous breathing pressure pattern more closely approximate a triangle waveform. This study aimed at comparing <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>lim<\/jats:sub>, maximal inspiratory pressure (PI<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>), and metabolism between square and triangle wave breathing. Eight healthy subjects (<jats:italic>Wei<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200976\u2009\u00b1\u200910\u2009kg, <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009181\u2009\u00b1\u20097.9\u2009cm, age\u2009=\u200933.5\u2009\u00b1\u20094.8\u2009years, sex [F\/M]\u2009=\u20091\/7) completed the study, comprising two randomized matched load resistive breathing trials with square and triangle wave inspiratory pressure waveform. <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>lim<\/jats:sub> decreased with a mean difference of 8\u2009\u00b1\u20097.2\u2009min (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01) between square and triangle wave breathing. PI<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> was reduced following square wave (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04) but not for triangle wave breathing (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.88). Higher VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was observed in the beginning and end for the triangle wave breathing compared with the square wave breathing (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.036 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.048). Despite higher metabolism, <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>lim<\/jats:sub> was significantly longer in triangle wave breathing compared with square wave breathing, showing that the pressure waveform has an impact on the function and endurance of the respiratory muscles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]],"date-time":"2023-05-06T05:28:34Z","timestamp":1683350914000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inspiratory pressure waveform influences time to failure, respiratory muscle fatigue, and metabolism during resistive breathing"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mathias Krogh","family":"Poulsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory and Critical Care Group, Department of Health Science and Technology Aalborg University  Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen E.","family":"Rees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory and Critical Care Group, Department of Health Science and Technology Aalborg University  Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CardioTech, Department of Health Science and Technology Aalborg University  Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J. T.","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neural Engineering and Neurophysiology, Department of Health Science and Technology Aalborg University  Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00f8ren","family":"Kj\u00e6rgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University Hospital  Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo A.","family":"Volta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Morphology Surgery and Experimental Medicine University of Ferrara  Ferrara Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Savino","family":"Spadaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Morphology Surgery and Experimental Medicine University of Ferrara  Ferrara Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8632-6180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan S.","family":"Karbing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory and Critical Care Group, Department of Health Science and Technology Aalborg University  Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201312-2193CI"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.166.4.518"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1982.53.5.1190","article-title":"Effect of pressure and timing of contraction on human diaphragm fatigue","volume":"53","author":"Bellemare F.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"68","article-title":"Esophageal and gastric pressure measurements","volume":"50","author":"Benditt J. 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