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Participants completed varying stimulating activities including viewing images, arithmetic tasks, and memory recall of viewed images. SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50, SD2, SD1\/SD2, and DFA were extracted from the data. Comparing arithmetic calculation and the first minute of memory recall, SDNN, pNN50, SD2, and SD1\/SD2 had significant HRV differences; this suggests that these metrics can distinguish the inherently different stimuli participants were exposed to. However, comparing first minute of viewing with that of the second, SDNN, pNN50, and SD2, presented some significant HRV differences during two inherently similar stimuli. Comparing the first 60\u2013120\u2009s during viewing, SDNN, pNN50, and SD2 also presented significant differences. Our results suggest that SDNN, pNN50, and SD2 may not be robust in evaluating UST HRVs in replacement of the standard short\u2010term HRV. It may be beneficial to analyze multiple HRV metrics, particularly SD1\/SD2, to achieve a more holistic understanding of the underlying physiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T01:29:29Z","timestamp":1701134969000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The effectiveness of time domain and nonlinear heart rate variability metrics in ultra\u2010short time series"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Zifan","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Wofford College  Spartanburg South Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Zarubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4755-4759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolyn","family":"Martsberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Wofford College  Spartanburg South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-012-9424-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(02)00225-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20186962"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2014.0104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.576771"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00903.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2008.00652.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.85.1.164"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.959330"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2006.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-019-0742-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.621399"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.02.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25573"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2005.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00255"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00184.2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-011-0064-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.5.1043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","first-page":"535","article-title":"Ultra\u2010short\u2010term heart rate variability indexes at rest and post\u2010exercise in athletes: Evaluating the agreement with accepted recommendations","volume":"13","author":"Esco M. 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