{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T18:02:47Z","timestamp":1779386567782,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002594","name":"American Osteopathic Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19137759"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19137759"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002594","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reports on autonomic responses to transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) and osteopathic manipulative techniques have been equivocal, partly due to inconsistent interpretation of heart rate variability (HRV). We developed a mechanistic framework for the interpretation of HRV based on a model of sinus node automaticity that considers autonomic effects on Phase 3 repolarization and Phase 4 depolarization of the sinoatrial action potential. The model was applied to HRV parameters calculated from ECG recordings (healthy adult humans, both genders) before (30\u2009min), during (15\u2009min), and after (30\u2009min) a time control intervention (rest, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200923), taVNS (10\u2009Hz, 300\u2009\u03bcs, 1\u20132\u2009mA, cymba concha, left ear, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200912), or occipitoatlantal decompression (OA\u2010D, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200914). The experimental protocol was repeated on 3 consecutive days. The model simulation revealed that low frequency (LF) HRV best predicts sympathetic tone when calculated from heart rate time series, while high frequency (HF) HRV best predicts parasympathetic tone when calculated from heart period time series. Applying our model to the HRV responses to taVNS and OA\u2010D, revealed that taVNS increases cardiac parasympathetic tone, while OA\u2010D elicits a mild decrease in cardiac sympathetic tone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T02:00:32Z","timestamp":1710986432000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A framework for the interpretation of heart rate variability applied to transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation and osteopathic manipulation"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Adrienne","family":"Kania","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine  Las Cruces New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jumana","family":"Roufail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine  Las Cruces New Mexico USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine  Las Cruces New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Prokop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine  Las Cruces New Mexico USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine  Las Cruces New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6647-1903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harald M.","family":"Stauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine  Las Cruces New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6166045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02140.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"915","article-title":"Heart rate variability during high ambient heat exposure","volume":"77","author":"Bruce\u2010Low S. S.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-023-01002-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.579365"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00887"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2017.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jom-2020-0213"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"Greenman's principles of manual medicine","author":"Destefano L. A.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000035241.76918.6C"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14447"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.8.886"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2011.0031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/786839"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(03)00053-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.39.5.715"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jom-2020-0071"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(87)90795-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2021.102894"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.39.10.1177"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03782"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01819547"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2022.106696"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.59.2.178"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200018120-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00446.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000065601.83526.3E"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1985.248.1.H151"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-023-00938-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","volume-title":"HemoLab: A data acquisition and data analysis software for hemodynamic studies","author":"Stauss H. M.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03949"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","first-page":"H786","article-title":"Frequency response characteristic of autonomic nervous system function in conscious rats","volume":"273","author":"Stauss H. M.","year":"1997","journal-title":"The American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.5.1043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","first-page":"678","article-title":"Counterpoint: Cardiovascular variability is not an index of autonomic control of the circulation","volume":"101","author":"Taylor J. A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13933"}],"container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.14814\/phy2.15981","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T04:32:22Z","timestamp":1716438742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.14814\/phy2.15981"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.14814\/phy2.15981"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14814\/phy2.15981","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2051-817X","2051-817X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2051-817X","type":"print"},{"value":"2051-817X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-12-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e15981"}}