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We use a vibrating mesh nebulizer to deliver fluorescein solution in\u00a0vivo to healthy or intratracheal\u2010lipopolysaccharide (LPS)\u2010instilled anesthetized rats in dorsal recumbency, or ex\u00a0vivo to the lungs of LPS\u2010instilled rats. Following in\u00a0vivo nebulization (healthy\/LPS\u2010instilled), we quantify fluorescein intensity distribution by confocal microscopy in standard locations on the surface of freshly isolated lungs. Following LPS instillation (in vivo\/ex vivo nebulization), we quantify fluorescein intensity in visibly injured locations. In standard locations, there is uniform, low\u2010intensity basal fluorescein deposition. Focal regions receive high deposition that is, in upper (cranial), middle, and lower (caudal) locations, 6.4\u2009\u00b1\u20094.9, 3.3\u2009\u00b1\u20093.0, and 2.3\u2009\u00b1\u20092.8 times greater, respectively, than average basal intensity. Following LPS instillation, deposition in moderately injured regions can be high or low; deposition in severely injured regions is low. Further, actively phagocytic cells are observed in healthy and LPS\u2010instilled lungs. And LPS particularly impairs mechanics and activates phagocytic cells in the male sex. We conclude that a low level of nebulized drug can be distributed across the parenchyma excepting to severely injured regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T08:20:11Z","timestamp":1729844411000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Alveolar distribution of nebulized solution in health and lung injury assessed by confocal microscopy"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zahra","family":"Ansari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Stevens Institute of Technology  Hoboken New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Battikha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Stevens Institute of Technology  Hoboken New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charul","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Stevens Institute of Technology  Hoboken New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5435-191X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carrie E.","family":"Perlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Stevens Institute of Technology  Hoboken New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016\u2010014\u20108448\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000178955"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2018.1455762"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2021.102794"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2011.625454"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01902148.2016.1159261"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2018.05.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019\u20103967"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2018.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021\u20108502(92)90456\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02166\u20102018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134\u2010005\u20102627\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.06.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2019.1536"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01902140490489126"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00084.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.762"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1099\u20101263(199803\/04)18:2<149::aid\u2010jat490>3.0.co;2\u2010l"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2011.625994"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2015.1233"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2018.1508"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2008.0717"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.01.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000720"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00422.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.122463"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439\u2010013\u20100745\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201805116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213\u20108587(15)00280\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01902148.2016.1231243"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","volume-title":"Tracheobronchial geometry: Human, dog, rat, hamster\u2014a compilation of selected data from the project respiratory tract deposition models, Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and Research; National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce","author":"Raabe O. 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