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We tested whether breath\u2010by\u2010breath CPET data could be used to determine sample entropy (SampEn) in 81 healthy children and adolescents (age 7\u201318\u2009years old, equal sex distribution). To overcome challenges of the relatively small time\u2010series CPET data size and its nonstationarity, we developed a Python algorithm for short\u2010duration physiological signals. Comparing pre\u2010 and post\u2010ventilatory threshold (VT<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>) CPET phases, we found: (1) SampEn decreased by 9.46% for V\u0307O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and 5.01% for V\u0307CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), in the younger, early\u2010pubertal participants; and (2) HR SampEn fell substantially by 70.8% in the younger and 77.5% in the older participants (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Across all ages, females exhibited greater HR SampEn than males during both pre\u2010 and post VT<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> CPET phases by 14.10% and 23.79%, respectively, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01. In females, late\u2010pubertal had 17.6% lower HR SampEn compared to early\u2010pubertal participants (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Breath\u2010by\u2010breath gas exchange and HR data from CPET are amenable to SampEn analysis that leads to novel insight into physiological responses to work intensity, and sex and maturational effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T03:50:15Z","timestamp":1726113015000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dynamics of gas exchange and heart rate signal entropy in standard cardiopulmonary exercise testing during critical periods of growth and development"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zachary","family":"Blanks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Data Science, University of Virginia  Charlottesville Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald E.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Data Science, University of Virginia  Charlottesville Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1736-775X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan M.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Translational Science University of California  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shlomit Radom","family":"Aizik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center University of California  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronen","family":"Bar\u2010Yoseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center University of California  Irvine California USA"},{"name":"Pediatric Pulmonary Institute, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus  Haifa Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj\u2010cs.1516"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2023.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450\u2010199104000\u201000007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768\u2010199507000\u201000012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.88.174102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450\u2010199106010\u201000011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.60.6.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520\u20106300(1998)10:3<289::AID\u2010AJHB4>3.0.CO;2\u2010E"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e24081045"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.2405.06112"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","first-page":"120","article-title":"An improved Bayesian permutation entropy estimator. 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