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Male and female rats were housed individually or in groups of four with same\u2010sex housing mates at 11\u2009months of age. Two months later, IC behavior was assessed using a delay\u2010discounting task and anxiety\u2010like behavior through a novelty\u2010suppressed feeding (NSF) task. Lastly, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity following exposure to a high\u2010fat diet were assessed using an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and an insulin tolerance test (ITT). The results showed that socially isolated rats displayed more IC behavior than did group\u2010housed rats of both sexes. However, no significant effect of housing was evident in the NSF task, OGTT, or ITT. Male rats had a higher plasma insulin concentration and insulin resistance index compared to females. Our findings demonstrate that SI in middle age is sufficient to increase IC behavior and highlight inherent sex\u2010specific differences in metabolic profiles. These findings underscore the importance of investigating mechanisms that underlie the effects of social isolation during different stages of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T02:36:29Z","timestamp":1737081389000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Social isolation increases impulsive choice with minor changes on metabolic function in middle\u2010aged rats"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jassmyn J.","family":"Venegas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Champaign Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob M.","family":"Weisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Champaign Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chan Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Champaign Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren E.","family":"Herringshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Champaign Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar A.","family":"Nabelsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Champaign Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5839-5533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nu\u2010Chu","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Champaign Illinois USA"},{"name":"Division of Nutritional Sciences University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"},{"name":"Neuroscience Program University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"},{"name":"Carl R. 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