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Group 2: APA 640\u2009mg\/kg. Group 3: alpha\u2010pinene 50\u2009mg\/kg (APA+ \u03b1Pi 50\u2009mg\/kg). Group 4: alpha\u2010pinene 100\u2009mg\/kg (APA+ \u03b1Pi 100\u2009mg\/kg). Group 5: silymarin 50\u2009mg\/kg (APA+ SIL). Alpha\u2010pinene or silymarin was orally administered after APA administration for 14 consecutive days. This study investigated liver damage by preparing pathology slides from liver tissue. Levels of AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total oxidant status (TOS) were measured. Inflammatory factors, including NF\u2010kB gene expression and levels of IL\u20106 and TNF\u2010a, were also measured. Administering alpha\u2010pinene with APA can prevent liver damage induced by APA. Alpha\u2010pinene can enhance TAC while reducing TOS, ALT, AST, ALP, and total bilirubin. Moreover, the results have also revealed that alpha\u2010pinene decreases NF\u2010kB expression, which leads to a reduction in IL\u20106 and TNF\u2010a levels. It appears that alpha\u2010pinene induces liver protective effects against APA damage by reducing the activity of liver enzymes, improving antioxidant\/oxidative status, and reducing inflammation through the regulation of NF\u2010kB and pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T12:16:18Z","timestamp":1738671378000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The effects of alpha\u2010pinene against paracetamol\u2010induced liver damage in male rats"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8674-3993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaveh","family":"Rahimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz  Ahvaz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annahita","family":"Rezaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz  Ahvaz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Younes","family":"Allahverdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz  Ahvaz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parham","family":"Shahriari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz  Ahvaz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahtab","family":"Taheri Mirghaed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz  Ahvaz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"116","article-title":"Hepatoprotective activity of methanol extract of some medicinal plants against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats","volume":"3","author":"Ahsan R.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Global Journal of Pharmacology"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"676","article-title":"Effect of d\u2010limonene, alpha\u2010pinene and cineole on in\u00a0vitro transdermal human skin penetration of chlorpromazine and haloperidol","volume":"46","author":"Almirall M.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arzneimittel\u2010Forschung"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0105-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201056756\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0076\u20106879(99)99005\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-49339-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26419"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001259"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx9701687"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2015.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04175.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17066305"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000230214.26638.0c"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-021-10144-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2005.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200890104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18051018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111732"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Does cytochrome P450 liver isoenzyme induction increase the risk of liver toxicity after paracetamol overdose?","volume":"13","author":"Kalsi S. 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