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Ten females were randomized to a unilateral training (TRAIN, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096) or control (CON, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094) group. During Phase 1, all participants wore an arm sling for a total of 4\u2009weeks on their non\u2010dominant arm. This phase required the TRAIN group to perform unilateral resistance training with the non\u2010immobilized arm while the CON group did not. Phase 2 commenced thereafter and consisted of 4\u2009weeks of bilateral resistance training for both groups. Outcome measures of neuromuscular function and muscle size were assessed at baseline and after each phase, with neuromuscular function quantified by maximal dynamic and isometric strength alongside electromyographic responses and muscle size measured using ultrasonography and regional lean mass via DEXA. Unilateral training of the non\u2010immobilized arm during Phase 1 attenuated dynamic (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05; <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20091.2), but not isometric (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.40; <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.095), strength loss following immobilization and showed large effects for improving the recovery of strength after retraining. Similarly, the imaging data show the relative changes in muscle size and regional lean mass of the non\u2010dominant arm favor TRAIN. Although the small sample prevents definitive conclusions, our study suggests resistance training of the non\u2010immobilized arm attenuates muscle weakness and atrophy for the contralateral, immobilized arm during immobilization and facilitates their recovery following retraining.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]],"date-time":"2025-04-26T08:00:51Z","timestamp":1745654451000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cross\u2010education attenuates muscle weakness and facilitates strength recovery after orthopedic immobilization in females: A pilot study"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0874-0110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua C.","family":"Carr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology Kansas State University  Manhattan Kansas USA"},{"name":"Department of Kinesiology Texas Christian University  Fort Worth Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Education Texas Christian University School of Medicine  Fort Worth Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caleb C.","family":"Voskuil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science Lakeland University  Plymouth Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2258-1689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin W.","family":"Andrushko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Northumbria University  Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob J.","family":"MacLennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Brain Rehabilitation Research Center  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason M.","family":"DeFreitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science Syracuse University  Syracuse New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt S.","family":"Stock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Central Florida, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences  Orlando Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Farthing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Saskatchewan, College of Kinesiology  Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-107456"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm\u20102018\u20100073"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00971.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15260"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040061"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010016\u20100580\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.11.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010019\u201001088\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk6040091"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00531.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003140"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25665"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i5239"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.91331.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318210783c"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm\u20102023\u20100242"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1923\u201019.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00297"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2011.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00294.2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","unstructured":"JASP Team. 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