{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T13:56:11Z","timestamp":1790085371979,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748476800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH\u201022\u20101\u20100867"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH\u201022\u20101\u20100867"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nutritional ketosis achieved through various methods in animals and humans has been shown to augment cardiac efficiency and function. However, this response during exercise has not been well characterized. Recreationally active adults (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200912) completed a double blind, balanced, placebo\u2010controlled, crossover study to examine the effects of bis\u2010octanonyl (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>)\u20101,3\u2010butanediol (BO\u2010BD) ingestion on cardiopulmonary function at rest and during a maximal oxygen consumption (V\u0307O<jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>) treadmill test (Bruce Protocol). Participants presented to the testing facility fasted. Capillary blood samples were obtained to measure glucose and beta\u2010hydroxybutyrate (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\u2010\u03b2HB) prior to consuming the BO\u2010BD or a calorically matched placebo (PL) beverage. Metabolic and cardiovascular measures were collected every 15\u201330\u2009min following beverage consumption. Participants began the V\u0307O<jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub> test 120\u2009min post\u2010beverage ingestion. At rest, capillary <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\u2010\u03b2HB elevated rapidly after BO\u2010BD ingestion and continued to steadily increase to 2.4\u2009mM prior to the maximal exercise test. During the 120\u2009min rest period, BO\u2010BD increased resting heart rate (HR) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001), ventilation (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and V\u0307O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002) relative to PL. Although the total time to exhaustion was similar between conditions, V\u0307O<jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub> was lower after BO\u2010BD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). There were no differences in exercise lactate, RER, respiration, or rating of perceived exertion (RPE) between conditions. Compared to PL, BO\u2010BD rapidly achieves nutritional ketosis, increases resting cardio\u2010respiratory parameters, but somewhat paradoxically decreases peak aerobic exercise oxygen consumption despite achieving similar peak workloads.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T01:39:17Z","timestamp":1748569157000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Cardiopulmonary responses to acute exogenous ketosis at rest, and during submaximal and maximal exercise"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7284-3048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Crabtree","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Human Sciences The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio 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