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The current study aimed at investigating for the first time the moderating role of both sex and age in the relationship between vmHRV and cardiac chronotropy in younger (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009106, mean age: 19.9 (3.5) years) and older (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009109, mean age: 72.8 (2.6) years) individuals. Further, we explored the effects of hormone replacement therapy on such association in a sub\u2010sample of post\u2010menopausal women (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200917). Resting measures of the average inter\u2010beat interval (IBI, as index of cardiac chronotropy) and vmHRV were collected. The results indicate (i) stronger associations between vmHRV and IBI in young adults and post\u2010menopausal women compared to age\u2010matched men, (ii) a weaker or no association in older women and men, respectively, and (iii) no effects of hormone replacement therapy in post\u2010menopausal women. This study provides evidence of sex and age differences in the association between vmHRV and cardiac chronotropy, offering novel insight into vagal mechanisms of cardiac chronotropic control that may inform our understanding of sex\u2010 and age\u2010related vulnerability to negative health outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T08:36:54Z","timestamp":1750149414000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sex and age differences in the association between heart rate variability and cardiac chronotropy: A replication\u2010extension study"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9053-7976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Carnevali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma  Parma Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2296-6079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darcianne K.","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Ecology, c\/o Department of Psychological Science University of California Irvine, 4201 Social and Behavioral Sciences Gateway  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Barbetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma  Parma Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzi","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health &amp; Human Longevity Science University of California San Diego  La Jolla California USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine University of California San Diego  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1381-077X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"DeWayne P.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Science University of California Irvine, 4201 Social and Behavioral Sciences Gateway  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Kohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Science University of California Irvine, 4201 Social and Behavioral Sciences Gateway  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Koenig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine University of Cologne, and University Hospital Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9385-3421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian F.","family":"Thayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Science University of California Irvine, 4201 Social and Behavioral Sciences Gateway  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877\u2010012\u20109424\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101140"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2018.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00076.2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.04.071"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2008.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FPHYS.2023.1170320"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008\u20106363(01)00508\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13287"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2006.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1259053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11909\/j.issn.1671\u20105411.2021.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440\u20101681.1994.tb02545.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01826234"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102261\u20105\u201033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","unstructured":"Hayes A. 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