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This study investigates the relationship between PhA and body mass index (BMI) in nonathletic students and trained\/developmental athletes. Seventy\u2010one male and 83 female students participated in the Normal group, while 159 male and 95 female students participated in the Sports group. Each group was further divided into two subgroups: those with a BMI higher (L\u2010Normal and L\u2010Sports) and lower (S\u2010Normal and S\u2010Sports) than the median BMI. Although fat\u2010free mass (FFM) did not differ significantly between the S\u2010Sports and L\u2010Normal groups, PhA was significantly higher in the S\u2010Sports group with a large effect size. While FFM was significantly higher in the L\u2010Sports group than in the S\u2010Sports group, PhA did not differ significantly with a small effect size. PhA and BMI showed no significant relationship in the Sports group, whereas a positive correlation was observed in the Normal group. These results suggest that PhA can be used to assess differences in competition and activity levels that are not represented by BMI or FFM. Furthermore, although PhA is related to BMI in the nonathletic populations, this relationship is not observed in trained\/developmental\u2010level athletes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T01:59:48Z","timestamp":1749693588000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Assessment of muscle quality by phase angle and body physique in nonathlete students and trained\/developmental athletes"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8049-1174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazushige","family":"Oshita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Information Engineering Okayama Prefectural University  Soja Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihisa","family":"Hikita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science Kyushu Kyoritsu University  Kitakyushu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryota","family":"Myotsuzono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science Kyushu Kyoritsu University  Kitakyushu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoki","family":"Murai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Information Engineering Okayama Prefectural University  Soja Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12860"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967\u2010024\u201005918\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn.82.1.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.6.2580"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.814572"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11020264"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051620"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154\u2010022\u201009774\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports11050107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111489"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970\u2010019\u20100319\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","volume-title":"Nutritional screening of adults: A multidisciplinary responsibility: Development and use of the \u2018malnutrition universal screening tool\u2019 (\u2018MUST\u2019) for adults","author":"Elia M.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.2.649"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.116772"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/0018\u2010442x\u201000035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/64.3.423s"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a\u20101373\u20105881"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u20106579\/abcb5c"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030502"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021\u20100451"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6300(1997)9:2<155::AID-AJHB1>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare. 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