{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T22:44:31Z","timestamp":1783637071260,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CGS D 5796622023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGS D 5796622023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study was to determine the physiological effects of breath\u2010holding during high\u2010intensity exercise. Twenty participants (age: 23\u2009\u00b1\u20094\u2009years, 10 females) performed 20\u2009s sprints of simultaneous arm and leg ergometry exercise, under free\u2010breathing (FB) and breath\u2010holding (BH) conditions. Identical power outputs were sustained for both breathing conditions. Heart rate was significantly higher under the breath\u2010holding condition during exercise (FB\u2009=\u2009118\u2009\u00b1\u200912\u2009bpm versus BH\u2009=\u2009131\u2009\u00b1\u200914\u2009bpm; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) but lower for 5\u2009min post\u2010exercise (FB\u2009=\u2009110\u2009\u00b1\u200916\u2009bpm, BH\u2009=\u2009102\u2009\u00b1\u200915\u2009bpm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003). Systolic blood pressure was higher under the breath\u2010holding condition post\u2010exercise (FB\u2009=\u2009142\u2009\u00b1\u200918\u2009mmHg, BH\u2009=\u2009151\u2009\u00b1\u200915\u2009mmHg, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03). Muscle deoxygenated hemoglobin was unchanged between conditions during exercise (FB\u2009=\u20092.7\u2009\u00b1\u20091.7\u2009\u03bcM, BH\u2009=\u20092.6\u2009\u00b1\u20091.7\u2009\u03bcM, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.37) and no difference in post\u2010exercise blood lactate concentration was observed between conditions (FB\u2009=\u20099.3\u2009\u00b1\u20093.5\u2009mmol.L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, BH\u2009=\u20098.2\u2009\u00b1\u20092.5\u2009mmol.L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.15). End\u2010tidal partial pressure of oxygen was reduced (FB\u2009=\u2009111\u2009\u00b1\u200911 mmHg, BH\u2009=\u200976\u2009\u00b1\u200914 mmHg, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and oxygen uptake was increased (FB\u2009=\u20092.36\u2009\u00b1\u20090.63\u2009L.min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, BH\u2009=\u20094.52\u2009\u00b1\u20090.73\u2009L.min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) under the breath\u2010holding condition immediately post\u2010exercise. Exercise\u2010induced tachycardia prevailed over apnea\u2010induced bradycardia during exercise, but residual effects of breath\u2010holding were evidenced by the observed bradycardia during recovery. These data suggest that intrinsic oxygen stores were sufficient to sustain the aerobic energy contribution during 20\u2009s high\u2010intensity exercise while breath\u2010holding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T17:49:48Z","timestamp":1750873788000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The physiological effects of breath\u2010holding during high\u2010intensity exercise"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1019-0018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy","family":"Walsh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology Western University  London Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James L.","family":"Ramsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology Western University  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