{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:06:29Z","timestamp":1754154389573,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>High\u2010velocity eccentric training elicits exercise\u2010induced muscle damage (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EIMD<\/jats:styled-content>), predominantly attributed to mechanical strain. However, the potential contribution of metabolic stress to muscle damage remains underexplored, especially in trained populations. This study examined whether metabolic changes contribute to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EIMD<\/jats:styled-content> during maximal eccentric hamstring curls. Thirty male participants performed five sets of 15 maximal eccentric leg curls at 210\u00b0\/s. Muscle oxygenation (SmO\u2082) and pulmonary gas exchange (VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and VCO\u2082) were recorded during the intervention. Creatine kinase (CK), muscle soreness, muscle stiffness, muscle contractility, peak torque, and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) were measured pre\u2010exercise, post, and over 96\u2009h of recovery. Linear mixed models were used to analyze associations between metabolic parameters and damage markers. Peak torque declined significantly after 48\u2009h (\u221225.64%), muscle stiffness was increased post (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004); CK peaked at 96\u2009h (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). For peak torque and CK, linear mixed models were fitted revealing significant contributions of \u25b3VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04) and \u25b3VCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.08) to peak torque. Fixed effects explained 30.6% of the variance. Higher oxygen uptake (\u25b3VO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>rec%) during rest intervals predicted lower CK elevations (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04). SmO\u2082 decreased by 13% within sets but had no significant effects on EIMD. Our findings indicate metabolic factors significantly contribute to EIMD in high\u2010velocity eccentric protocols. Greater aerobic demands within sets were associated with greater force deficits, whereas greater oxygen uptake during rest mitigated creatine kinase levels. Enhancing aerobic capacity and fatigue resistance could mitigate muscle damage and improve recovery trajectories in similarly demanding training contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T01:53:22Z","timestamp":1751594002000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metabolic contributions to hamstring muscle damage during maximal, high\u2010speed eccentric exercise in males"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9373-2571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten","family":"Schwiete","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Sciences Goethe University Frankfurt  Frankfurt am Main Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Mester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Research Centre of Elite Sport German Sport University Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Wahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Research Centre of Elite Sport German Sport University Cologne  Cologne Germany"},{"name":"Section Exercise Physiology German Sports University Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Broich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy, and Health Medical School Hamburg  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Behringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Sciences Goethe University Frankfurt  Frankfurt am Main Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1953.sp004897"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00015.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2014.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010011\u20102249\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318260ec77"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13032"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00013783"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891\u2010020\u201003658\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90743.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2010.12.006"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","first-page":"385","article-title":"Muscle fatigue and muscle","volume":"11","author":"Dugan S.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.060582"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.24.11.115001"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2011.0230"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.53520\/jen2021.10383"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.34.2.98"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256\u2010200636020\u201000004"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1363.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003400"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00422442"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjpain.2016.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00069.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100838.2011.01413.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_25_1","first-page":"76","article-title":"Comparison of metabolic and heart rate responses to super slow vs. traditional resistance training","volume":"17","author":"Hunter G. R.","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isner\u2010Horobeti M.\u2010E. Dufour S. P. Vautravers P. Geny B. Coudeyre E. &Richard R.(2013).Eccentric exercise training: Modalities applications and perspectives.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0052-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967113499130"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010022\u201004976\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003372"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659602400203"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010020\u201004566\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e318058a603"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/616.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084293"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports\u20102012\u2010091448"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller\u2010Wohlfahrt H. Ueblacker P. &H\u00e4nsel L.(2018).Muskelverletzungen im Sport (3.). Thieme.","DOI":"10.1055\/b-006-161679"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01297.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31828830df"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00669.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000666"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201065111\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5604\/20831862.1111434"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003677\u2010200504000\u201000007"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14366\/usg.16053"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem\u20102019\u2010000726"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010023\u201005234\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256\u2010199010040\u201000003"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100838.2009.01015.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9050401"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010017\u20103710\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200737100-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2001.281.2.E224"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afj082"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361\u20106579\/ab1cef"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2021.102624"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.723041"}],"container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.14814\/phy2.70441","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T07:54:57Z","timestamp":1753343697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.14814\/phy2.70441"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.14814\/phy2.70441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14814\/phy2.70441","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2051-817X","2051-817X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2051-817X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2051-817X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70441"}}