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Acute and short\u2010term studies using heat therapy and sauna bathing have also shown HRV improvements. However, long\u2010term adaptations in HRV to regular exercise and sauna bathing remain unexplored. In this 1:1:1 multi\u2010arm trial, sedentary participants (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200938) aged 49\u2009\u00b1\u20099\u2009years with at least one CVD risk factor were randomly assigned to regular exercise and 15\u2010min postexercise sauna (EXS), regular exercise only (EXE), or control (CON) group, for an 8\u2010week intervention. Indices of HRV (RR interval, RMSSD, SDNN, resting heart rate [HR], HRMAX\u2013HRMIN, high frequency power [HFP], and low frequency power [LFP]) were measured before (PRE) and after (POST) the trial. Compared to CON, EXE increased the time\u2010domain measure of HR<jats:sub>MAX<\/jats:sub>\u2013HR<jats:sub>MIN<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003), and elicited significantly smaller decreases in the frequency\u2010domain measure of LFP (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.022). There were no statistically significant differences between EXS and EXE for any of the HRV indices measured. Eight weeks of regular exercise conferred positive changes in both time\u2010 and frequency\u2010domain measures of HRV. However, adding regular sauna bathing postexercise offered no additional benefits to HRV over regular exercise alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T01:53:41Z","timestamp":1751594021000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Regular postexercise sauna bathing does not improve heart rate variability: A multi\u2010arm randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3490-4262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Earric","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4  Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"},{"name":"Montreal Heart Institute  Montr\u00e9al Quebec Canada"},{"name":"\u00c9cole de kin\u00e9siologie et des Sciences de l'Activit\u00e9 Physique Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6875-9625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sascha","family":"Ketelhut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4595-8760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petri","family":"Wiklund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Exercise Translational Medicine Center and Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9883-1256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel","family":"Kostensalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)  Joensuu Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6631-4676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iiris","family":"Kolunsarka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4  Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4382-4945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"H\u00e4gglund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hematology, Department of Medical Sciences Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2305-4741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juha P.","family":"Ahtiainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4  Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000677"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02140.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-0046"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"915","article-title":"Heart rate variability during high ambient heat exposure","volume":"77","author":"Bruce\u2010Low S. 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