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We quantified expression of chromogranin A, glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101 (GLP\u20101), serotonin, and neuromedin U (NmU) in duodenal biopsies from 34 participants with obesity (19 with T2D, 15 without) and six healthy controls. Compared to controls, the patients with obesity showed significantly higher proportions of chromogranin A (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007), GLP\u20101 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006), and serotonin (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.013) expressing cells, irrespective of T2D status. GLP\u20101 expression correlated with HbA1C (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.454, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005) and meal test glucose (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.455, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0018) but not with insulin. Chromogranin A expression correlated with both GLP\u20101 (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.486, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003) and serotonin (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.475, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003), as well as BMI (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.429, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007). NmU was detected in the lamina propria but did not differ among groups. For NmU, an association with insulin (incremental AUC, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.363, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.045) was observed. In conclusion, obesity was associated with hyperplasia of duodenal GLP\u20101, serotonin, and chromogranin A cells. The link between GLP\u20101 expression, HbA1C, and meal test glucose indicates that, despite increased numbers of GLP\u20101\u2013producing cells, individuals with obesity may still experience insufficient incretin action. No evidence supported a role for NmU as a human decretin in these patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T04:00:21Z","timestamp":1754971221000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Duodenal neuroendocrine cells and neuromedin U in subjects with obesity: Relationship with type 2 diabetes and glucose homeostasis"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hassan","family":"Bur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Research Unit of Translational Medicine University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"},{"name":"Department of Pathology Oulu University Hospital  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janne","family":"Hukkanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Center Oulu Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"},{"name":"Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markku J.","family":"Savolainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Center Oulu Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"},{"name":"Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vesa","family":"Koivukangas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Center Oulu Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"},{"name":"Department of Surgery Oulu University Hospital  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8843-7957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuomo J.","family":"Karttunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Research Unit of Translational Medicine University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"},{"name":"Department of Pathology Oulu University Hospital  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-S002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2015.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-0115(88)90063-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17204-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111589"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2841-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15173707"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(85)90657-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1751"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2021.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16121"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-023-03252-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-010-1830-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2015.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2020.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-01113-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.884501"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.13268"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4450-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.10.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2011.01549.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00134.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","unstructured":"Lobstein T. 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