{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T23:26:57Z","timestamp":1787959617717,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The purpose of the study was to determine how training at different times of day affects soccer players' performance, mood, and physiological responses. Twenty male professional soccer players participated in the study, which involved small\u2010sided games (SSGs) conducted in both morning and evening sessions. Players' mood states, perceived exertion, heart rate, and performance metrics were measured to assess the impact of circadian rhythms on their physical and psychological responses. Results showed significantly higher HRmean (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.025) and %HRmax (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.022) and significantly lower blood lactate concentration (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.015) in the morning. Despite similar perceived exertion and recovery scores, players reported greater enjoyment in evening sessions (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0008). Mood states were more favorable in the evening, with significantly lower levels of stress (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.007), fatigue (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.009), and muscle soreness (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.012). The Hooper's Index was also markedly lower in the evening (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0008). Evening performance was superior, with significantly more ball interceptions (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.033), successful passes (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0004), and ball possession recoveries (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.025), alongside fewer lost balls in the evening compared to the morning (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.008). In conclusion, the study demonstrates that time of day significantly influences both psychological and physical responses in professional soccer players, with evening sessions leading to a more favorable mood and better performance. These findings support the consideration of circadian rhythms when scheduling training and matches to optimize athletic outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T03:59:32Z","timestamp":1754971172000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparative analysis of morning and evening training on performance and well\u2010being in elite soccer players"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Okba","family":"Selmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef University of Jendouba  El Kef Tunisia"},{"name":"Research Unit Sportive Sciences, Health and Movement  El Kef Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Amine","family":"Rahmoune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef University of Jendouba  El Kef Tunisia"},{"name":"Research Unit Sportive Sciences, Health and Movement  El Kef Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anissa","family":"Bouassida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef University of Jendouba  El Kef Tunisia"},{"name":"Research Unit Sportive Sciences, Health and Movement  El Kef Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santo","family":"Marsigliante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.)  Lecce Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2822-9929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Muscella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.)  Lecce Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17197156"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31821ece12"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/jcr.165"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.893783"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256\u2010199621040\u201000005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.24310\/riccafd.2021.v10i3.12969","article-title":"Influencia de La Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica en Jugadores de F\u00fatbol Asociaci\u00f3n Sub\u201013 y Sub\u201015 [Influence of physical education in U\u201013 And U\u201015 association soccer players]","volume":"10","author":"Ayala Hern\u00e1ndez H.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencias de la Actividad F\u00edsica y el Deporte"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c210036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010013\u20100066\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082525"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1284398"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31825770a7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102\u2010023\u201000664\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2022.105843"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/cbi\u2010200041039"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031\u20109384(95)02031\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology6010010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2019.1567524"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","first-page":"413","article-title":"Sleep and the athlete: Review and recommendations","volume":"18","author":"Halson S. 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