{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T05:42:41Z","timestamp":1758087761809,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among the different forms of hydrotherapy, carbon dioxide (CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) water immersion improves peripheral vasodilation and blood flow compared with tap water immersion; however, the heat stress placed on the body through CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> water immersion and the appropriate immersion protocols are uncertain. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the thermoregulatory responses during CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and tap water immersions. The participants were 10 male college baseball players. After daily training was completed, intervention was performed for 15\u2009min under three conditions: (1) CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> water immersion (CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>; 40\u00b0C, 1000\u2009ppm), (2) tap water immersion (TAP; 40\u00b0C), and (3) seated at rest at room temperature (control [CON]; at 25\u00b0C and relative humidity of 60%). Core body temperature (Tcore), skin temperature (Tsk), heart rate (HR), skin blood flow, local sweat rate (LSR), and blood pressure were measured. The Tcore, Tsk, thermal sensation (TS), and HR were significantly higher in the CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and TAP trials than in the CON trial. Compared to tap water immersion, CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> water immersion resulted in higher Tcore and LSR values, with moderate to large effect sizes (Tcore: <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.52, LSR: <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.80). However, thermal discomfort did not increase, suggesting that CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> water immersion may increase heat stress without causing any negative effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T01:25:22Z","timestamp":1757553922000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of daily post\u2010training, high\u2010concentration <scp>CO<sub>2<\/sub><\/scp>\u2010water immersion on thermoregulatory function in young male baseball players"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3257-6314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Risa","family":"Iwata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports\u00a0Sciences Japan Institute of Sports\u00a0Sciences  Kita\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8311-0851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariko","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports\u00a0Sciences Japan Institute of Sports\u00a0Sciences  Kita\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5717-930X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeko","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine Japan Institute of Sports\u00a0Sciences  Kita\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7379-0304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinsuke","family":"Tamai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports\u00a0Sciences Japan Institute of Sports\u00a0Sciences  Kita\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuya","family":"Fukami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine Japan Institute of Sports\u00a0Sciences  Kita\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rie","family":"Shoji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine Japan Institute of Sports\u00a0Sciences  Kita\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6134-4577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junpei","family":"Sasadai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine Japan Institute of Sports\u00a0Sciences  Kita\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4781-0751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reia","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine Japan Institute of Sports\u00a0Sciences  Kita\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine Japan Institute of Sports\u00a0Sciences  Kita\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Effects of an artificially carbonated bath on athletic warm\u2010up","volume":"27","author":"Akamine T.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Human 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