{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T01:18:29Z","timestamp":1773019109143,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006559","name":"University of Tsukuba","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006559","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Elevated hydrostatic pressure during water immersion reduces lung volume and compliance at rest. These alterations may persist during exercise, influencing both the respiratory regulation and lung volume. This study compared respiratory regulation and lung volume between land\u2010based (LC) and aquatic (AC) cycling matched for oxygen uptake (VO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Ten healthy young adults underwent cycling at low and moderate intensities in both environments. Expiratory gas variables (VO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and respiratory variables (minute ventilation and respiratory rate: V\n                    <jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>\n                    and RR, respectively) were continuously measured using a breath\u2010by\u2010breath gas analyzer system. Ventilatory equivalent for VO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (V\n                    <jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/VO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) was calculated. Using a spirometry system, expiratory and inspiratory reserve volumes (ERV and IRV, respectively), and tidal volume (V\n                    <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) were measured at rest and at each exercise intensity using inspiratory maneuvers and normalized to forced vital capacity (FVC). Although VO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    was matched between conditions (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u20090.05), AC resulted in significantly higher V\n                    <jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>\n                    , RR, and consequently V\n                    <jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/VO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    at moderate intensity. Additionally, ERV was lower and IRV was higher during AC compared with LC across all intensities, while FVCs remained unchanged in both conditions. These findings suggest a potential mechanism by which exercise in an aquatic environment may be more effective than land\u2010based exercise for training the respiratory system.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T08:48:21Z","timestamp":1759135701000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Respiratory regulation and lung volume during aquatic and land\u2010based exercise in healthy Young adults"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0786-8809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Hoshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences University of Tsukuba  Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan"},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Fukuie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology  Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsubasa","family":"Tomoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology  Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan"},{"name":"Integrated Research Center for Self\u2010Care Technology National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology  Tsukuba Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenxing","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences University of Tsukuba  Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan"},{"name":"Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology  Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Tarumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology  Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan"},{"name":"Integrated Research Center for Self\u2010Care Technology National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology  Tsukuba Japan"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport Sciences University of Tsukuba  Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Sugawara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology  Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan"},{"name":"Integrated Research Center for Self\u2010Care Technology National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology  Tsukuba Japan"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport Sciences University of Tsukuba  Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5439-9983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koichi","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport Sciences University of Tsukuba  Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1966.21.1.251"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.964748"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2018.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"Work tests with the bicycle ergometer","author":"Astrand P.\u2010O.","year":"1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2014-0264"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","volume-title":"ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription","author":"Bayles M. 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