{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T17:45:53Z","timestamp":1781718353408,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Motor skill acquisition involves fast and slow learning phases, typically requiring extended practice. This study explored whether brief reactivations of a choice reaction time (CRT) task, combined with anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the primary motor cortex (M1), could yield performance improvements comparable to full\u2010length practice. A total of 120 healthy adults were randomized into six groups varying in tDCS use (2\u2009mA for 5 or 20\u2009min) and practice duration (5 or 20\u2009min). Reaction time (RT) and error rate were assessed across sessions. Across all groups, RT significantly improved from 423.5\u2009\u00b1\u2009116.8\u2009ms at pre\u2010test to 357.9\u2009\u00b1\u200963.4\u2009ms post\u2010test (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), of the first session. RTs at session 4 (377.8\u2009\u00b1\u200966.2\u2009ms) remained significantly faster than baseline (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), though slightly slower than immediate post\u2010test in session 1 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.172). No significant between\u2010group differences emerged in RT or error rate, though the brief reactivation + tDCS group achieved RTs similar to the full\u2010practice group. When separated by sex, women showed slower reaction times initially and less improvement in reaction times with practice. These results suggest that brief, tDCS\u2010enhanced reactivations can preserve behavioral improvements in learning, though their neurophysiological effects remain inconclusive.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T04:34:42Z","timestamp":1761626082000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The use of transcranial direct current stimulation to facilitate motor skill reactivations of a choice reaction time task in adults"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Michaela A.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Sciences Indiana University\u2010Indianapolis  Indianapolis Indiana USA"},{"name":"Program in Health and Human Performance University of Pikeville  Pikeville Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brach","family":"Poston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences University of Nevada\u2010Las Vegas  Las Vegas Nevada USA"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Neuroscience University of Nevada\u2010Las Vegas  Las Vegas Nevada USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7656-1398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary A.","family":"Riley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Sciences Indiana University\u2010Indianapolis  Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.02.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429\u2010019\u201001998\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03208225"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201072139\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00408"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-010-0024-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.11.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2005.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.3.363"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197192"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.182178199"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1743\u201005.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.03.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1170\u201014.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2016.00188"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","unstructured":"Gladwell M.(2008).Outliers: The story of success. 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