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Among these interoceptive pathways, vagal sensory (vagal afferent) nerves play a central role in transmitting food\u2010derived information to the brain. This review first outlines the anatomical and functional characteristics of vagal sensory nerves. It then examines how food\u2010related signals, including mechanical stretching of the gastrointestinal wall, gastrointestinal and pancreatic hormones such as glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101, and microbial metabolites like short\u2010chain fatty acids, are detected by vagal pathways. These inputs collectively regulate food intake, nutrient preferences, and systemic metabolism. Recent studies further suggest that vagal sensory nerves enable the brain to anticipate and adapt to the metabolic demands of food intake, serving as a key mechanism for maintaining homeostasis during rapid postprandial changes. Understanding the role of vagal afferents in sensing meal\u2010derived signals and mediating gut\u2013brain communication provides insights into how interoceptive pathways orchestrate energy balance and hold promise for developing therapeutic strategies for metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T12:56:58Z","timestamp":1761656218000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Gut sensing of food ingredients and interoception\u2010mediated regulation of feeding and glucose metabolism"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kengo","family":"Iba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Functional Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Kyoto Prefectural University  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rika","family":"Kitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Functional Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Kyoto Prefectural University  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0655-4384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusaku","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Functional Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Kyoto Prefectural University  Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-016-2325-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/osp4.574"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00216-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.12.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.10.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2025.103058"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI78361"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00982-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.3.463"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2008.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74000-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(01)00338-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.134359"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25525-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101350"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00536.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.35954"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-1047(80)90989-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"The role of vagotomy in the surgical treatment of peptic ulcers","volume":"52","author":"Dragstedt L. 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