{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T07:59:05Z","timestamp":1763625545368,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Autonomic dysfunction is recognized as the central mechanism of orthostatic hypotension after microgravity exposure. Because the arterial baroreflex regulates arterial pressure (AP) via sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), we investigated the systematic baroreflex function under simulated microgravity by conducting an open\u2010loop analysis. We used Sprague\u2013Dawley rats after hindlimb unloading (HU) for 2\u2009weeks. We isolated the carotid sinuses from the systemic circulation, then changed intracarotid sinus pressure (CSP) stepwise and recorded SNA and AP responses. We compared CSP\u2212AP (total loop), CSP\u2212SNA (mechanoneural arc), and SNA\u2212AP (neuromechanical arc) relations between control rats (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20099) and HU rats (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20097). The total loop gain at the operating point decreased significantly in HU rats compared with control rats (0.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4 vs. 1.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4\u2009mmHg\/mmHg,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In addition to the decrease in the mechanoneural arc gain at the operating point, the neuromechanical arc gain also decreased significantly in HU rats compared with control rats. A numerical simulation experiment showed a greater AP fall with a significant reduction of the total loop gain in response to hypotensive stress in HU rats. Thus, we conclude that simulated microgravity impairs baroreflex sympathetic regulation in the lower AP range, which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of orthostatic hypotension after microgravity exposure.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T12:57:09Z","timestamp":1761656229000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Simulated microgravity exposure markedly attenuates the baroreflex total loop gain and induces orthostatic hypotension in male rats"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6920-8501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Kamada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital  Matsuyama Ehime Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Mannoji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology Cardiovascular and Aortic Center Saiseikai Fukuoka General Hospital  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Tohyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Research Kyushu University Hospital  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Nishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research Promotion and Management National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center  Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Tsutsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Graduate School International University of Health and Welfare  Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Sunagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Circulatory System Research Foundation  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6856-9362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keita","family":"Saku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Dynamics National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center  Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2017.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00004.2014"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"985","article-title":"Cardiovascular deconditioning during space flight and the use of saline as a countermeasure to orthostatic intolerance","volume":"56","author":"Bungo M. 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