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Therefore, we characterized arteriolar vasodilation in\u00a0situ using intravital microscopy of the retractor muscle of anesthetized female and male hamsters (8\u201313\u2009weeks). Arterioles were stimulated physiologically by contracting 3\u20135 skeletal muscle fibers overlying the arteriole for 2\u2009min using a range of twitch and tetanic stimulation parameters: 6, 15, and 60 contractions per minute (cpm) at 20\u2009Hz, or 4, 20, and 70\u2009Hz at 15\u2009cpm (250\u2009ms train duration) and pharmacologically via 2\u2009min micropipette application of nitric oxide (NO, 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009M), adenosine (ADO, 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009M) and potassium (K\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 20\u2009mM) as well as acetylcholine (ACh, 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009M) to assess local and conducted responses. Sex differences were not observed in the magnitude or rate of arteriolar vasodilation under any physiological or pharmacological condition. Collectively, these data demonstrate that arteriolar reactivity to muscle contractions and to pharmacological stimuli relevant to muscle contractions, were not different between females and males. These data suggest that the integrated vascular response during active hyperemia may not be sexually dimorphic.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T05:29:25Z","timestamp":1764394165000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Microvascular arteriolar reactivity in response to skeletal muscle contractions in female and male hamsters"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nicole M.","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences University of Guelph  Guelph Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4196-7181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Coral L.","family":"Murrant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences University of Guelph  Guelph Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP278699"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2010.02244.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0033-0620(88)90003-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"H377","article-title":"Estrogen pretreatment directly potentiates endothelium\u2010dependent vasorelaxation of porcine coronary arteries","volume":"268","author":"Bell D. 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