{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T02:15:49Z","timestamp":1789524949863,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Regular exercise benefits cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory health. Passive heating also induces cardiovascular responses, but its effect on cardiorespiratory fitness remains unclear. Given the overlapping physiological mechanisms between passive heating and exercise, hot\u2010water immersion may serve as an alternative strategy to prevent decline in cardiovascular function and fitness. This systematic review and meta\u2010analysis investigated the effects of hot\u2010water immersion (HWI) on cardiovascular health markers and cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy populations. A comprehensive search of six databases identified 20 studies. The meta\u2010analysis found that a single HWI session significantly increased heart rate (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200910; mean difference [MD]: 28\u2009bpm, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 19\u201336.2,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and decreased diastolic (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20096; MD: \u22125\u2009mmHg, 95% CI: \u22129 to \u22121,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.015) and mean arterial blood pressure (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20094; MD: \u22127\u2009mmHg, 95% CI: \u221212 to \u22121,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.03). Repeated immersion reduced resting heart rate (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20095; MD: \u22123\u2009bpm, 95% CI: \u22126 to \u22121\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.01). No significant effects were observed for other cardiovascular markers, and only one study reported data on cardiorespiratory fitness. Overall, our findings indicate inconclusive beneficial effects of HWI on cardiovascular health markers and further research is needed, especially on cardiorespiratory fitness.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T10:33:07Z","timestamp":1769596387000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The effects of hot\u2010water immersion on cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory health of healthy adults: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0252-4556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna Bittencourt","family":"Sotomaior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Queensland University of Technology  Brisbane 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Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4617-2820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoffrey M.","family":"Minett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Queensland University of Technology  Brisbane 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