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Possible mechanisms underlying these changes lie within the first and second order neurons in the pain neuroaxis. We investigated neuroinflammatory markers in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and spinal cords (SC) of Wistar rats (both sexes) following neonatal injection with either LPS or saline (postnatal days (P) 3 and 5) and isolated tissues in early postnatal development. RT\u2010qPCR revealed acute neuroinflammation in the DRGs, with expression levels of four inflammatory mediators elevated at P7, two at P13, and none at P21 in LPS\u2010treated rats. In contrast, the SC showed no change in inflammatory mediators at P7, elevation of two at P13 and four at P21 in LPS\u2010treated rats. These differences were greater in female SCs, indicating sex\u2010specific modulation even at these early stages of postnatal development. The SCs of P21 LPS\u2010treated rats also showed sex\u2010specific modulation of astrocytes (GFAP), with females showing an increase and males a decrease in GFAP. Together, these data indicate that during early postnatal development DRG neurons are more susceptible to acute inflammation whereas inflammation is delayed in the SC, with sex\u2010specific modulation occurring only in the SC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T07:47:06Z","timestamp":1766216826000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sexually dimorphic developmental changes in rat spinal cord pain pathways following neonatal inflammation"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4523-4574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kateleen E.","family":"Hedley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences &amp; Pharmacy University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute  Newcastle New South Wales 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