{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T03:47:26Z","timestamp":1783396046593,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The functions of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) include actions on metabolism, cell survival, immune response, inflammation, and inhibition of food intake. Temporal variations in circulating GDF15 over 24\u2009h have been reported in two small cohorts: one during fasted conditions and one during an overfeeding regimen. Here, 22 healthy young men were studied over 24\u2009h in a controlled setting approximating normal daily life with blood sampling every third hour. Plasma GDF15 concentrations were analyzed using cosinor rhythmometry and one\u2010way repeated measures ANOVA. In the full cohort, cosinor analysis did not show a statistically significant 24\u2010h rhythm of GDF15 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0944), but the ANOVA revealed a significant modest effect of time on plasma GDF15 concentrations (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Exploratory post hoc cosinor analysis of a subgroup of 14 subjects with evening\u2010peaking profiles indicated modest rhythmic fluctuations (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0467), but the effect was small compared with the fluctuations of other metabolic hormones and plasma changes in GDF15 due to, for example, cancer and pregnancy. These findings do not provide definitive evidence for a 24\u2010h rhythm of GDF15, but post hoc results suggest that some individuals may exhibit modest 24\u2010h fluctuations. Larger, prospectively powered studies are required to confirm these observations and clarify their clinical significance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T11:54:12Z","timestamp":1763985252000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Temporal variation in circulating\n                    <scp>GDF15<\/scp>\n                    over 24\u2009h in healthy young males"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3592-5222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorte B.","family":"Zilstorff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3861-8469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael M.","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9416-0125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Hannibal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6374-761X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik L.","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Hvidovre Hospital  Hvidovre Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4866-1807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henriette P.","family":"Sennels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4787-340X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rune E.","family":"Kuhre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obesity and Liver Pharmacology, Integrated Physiology Research Novo Nordisk A\/S  M\u00e5l\u00f8v Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2456-9667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoffer","family":"Clemmensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4230-5753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolai J.","family":"Wewer Albrechtsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Copenhagen Center for Translational Research Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg 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