{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T14:23:56Z","timestamp":1773930236135,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N0001423MP00654"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N0001423MP00654"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This project studied the effects of regional body composition on the core temperature responses to water immersion. Forty\u2010six volunteers participated in the study, with subgroups of eighteen immersed from the neck down in 18, 22, and 26\u00b0C water for up to 10\u2009h, respectively. Regional body composition was measured by Dual\u2010energy X\u2010ray Absorptiometry. Rectal temperature (Tc), and 10\u2010site mean skin temperatures (Tsk) were measured every minute. Immersion durations ranged from 0.83 to 10\u2009h, and Tc ranged from 35.2 to 38.0\u00b0C at the end of immersion. Tc cooling rates were calculated over the first 0.83\u2009h of immersion. Tc cooling rates varied widely, ranging from \u22120.37 to 0.93\u00b0C\/h, \u22120.39 to 1.87\u00b0C\/h, and \u22120.13 to 1.13\u00b0C\/h at 18, 22 and 26\u00b0C water, respectively. The trunk fat mass was negatively and significantly correlated to Tc cooling rates (\u22120.58, \u22120.76, 0.60, \u22120.64,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.01) at 18, 22, 26\u00b0C water and across all temperatures combined. The arm fat mass, fat percentage and surface\u2010to\u2010mass ratio were negatively and significantly correlated with Tc cooling rates at most conditions, but not all. Individuals with high cooling rates (\u22650.6\u00b0C\/h) had on average half the trunk fat mass of those with low cooling rates (\u22640.25\u00b0C\/h), and those with low trunk fat mass are least capable of defending core body temperature.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T05:32:51Z","timestamp":1765344771000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Regional body composition and human core temperature responses to mild temperature water immersion in adults"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4536-3406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaojiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine  Natick Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan A.","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine  Natick Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE)  Oak Ridge Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy P.","family":"Rioux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine  Natick Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott J.","family":"Montain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine  Natick Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7815-2149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David W.","family":"DeGroot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Army Heat Center  Fort Benning Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Castellani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine  Natick Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.72.6.2336"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"220","article-title":"Leg temperature and heat content in humans during immersion hypothermia and rewarming","volume":"65","author":"Bristow G. 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