{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T07:17:40Z","timestamp":1771312660174,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN\u20102020\u201005385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN\u20102020\u201005385"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CGS\u2010M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGS\u2010M"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Apneas performed during hypoxia cause pronounced bradycardia and cardiac arrhythmias. What remains unclear is the intraindividual consistency of these responses. Therefore, we assessed the within\u2010day and between\u2010day repeatability of responses to hypoxic apneas, including the genesis of arrhythmias or electrocardiogram (ECG) changes. Sixteen participants (8F\/8M, 25\u2009\u00b1\u20093\u2009years, BMI 23.7\u2009\u00b1\u20093.4\u2009kg\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    , mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD) completed four hypoxic apneas per day on consecutive days, time\u2010matched to a maximal apnea on day 1 (39\u2009\u00b1\u200916\u2009s). We quantified heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) repeatability using within\u2010subject standard deviations (WSSD), [95%CI]. We hypothesized that WSSDs would be &lt;5\u2009bpm and &lt;4\u2009mmHg for HR and MAP. We also assessed the repeatability of arrhythmias or ECG changes. Within\u2010day, the HR WSSD was 4.4\u2009bpm [3.7, 5.6], and the MAP WSSD was 4.1\u2009mmHg [3.4, 5.1]. Between\u2010day comparisons had somewhat higher WSSDs: HR was 5.7\u2009bpm [5.0, 6.5] and MAP was 5.0\u2009mmHg [4.4, 5.8]. Arrhythmias or ECG changes occurred during 45% of apneas. These data indicate poor repeatability of electrical conduction changes during apneas. Conversely, our WSSD data indicate good within\u2010day and between\u2010day repeatability, albeit somewhat higher than hypothesized. These data therefore indicate that hypoxic apneas are a repeatable laboratory stressor for HR and MAP, but that researchers should exercise caution in interpreting individual\u2010level arrhythmia data.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T07:45:44Z","timestamp":1766216744000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterizing the repeatability of cardiovascular responses to hypoxic apneas in adults"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Desmond A.","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurovascular Health Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin R.","family":"O'Croinin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurovascular Health Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mackenzie I.","family":"Farris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurovascular Health Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"van Diepen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7190-7046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig D.","family":"Steinback","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurovascular Health Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-021-04842-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2016.383"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00774.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14703"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01603"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2010.01246.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"Covidien. 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Sumarizing data: Precision of measurement.https:\/\/sportsci.org\/resource\/stats\/precision.html#totalrelyerr"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.712573\/full"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","first-page":"145","article-title":"Electrocardiographic aspects of deep dives in elite breath\u2010hold divers","volume":"40","author":"Lema\u00eetre F.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine: Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10618600.2024.2344612"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056794"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2015.06.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00708.2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.16054"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2021.1987953"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"Effects of repeated apneas on apneic time and diving response in non\u2010divers","volume":"26","author":"Schagatay E.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-023-02072-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.594675"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(00)00047-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1959.10501528"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","first-page":"231","article-title":"Quantifying test\u2010retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the SEM","volume":"19","author":"Weir J. 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