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This is important for nutrient absorption and is regulated by the enteric nervous system and gastrointestinal (GI) hormones. Specifically, postprandial release of two GI hormones\u2014glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20102 (GLP\u20102) and glucose\u2010dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) has been implicated in the regulation of splanchnic blood flow. We investigated the acute effects of GLP\u20102 and GIP alone or in combination on superior mesenteric artery blood flow in anesthetized rats using a transit\u2010time flow probe and potential mediators of the GLP\u20102 and GIP effects using a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor and a vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor antagonist. We also investigated the effects of a newly developed (human) GIP\/GLP\u20102 receptor co\u2010agonist and the effects of the GLP\u20102 receptor antagonist, GLP\u20102(3\u201333). Both GLP\u20102, GIP, and the co\u2010agonist acutely increased superior mesenteric artery blood flow in anesthetized rats. The increase in blood flow was independent of the NO synthase inhibitor and VIP receptor antagonism. A synergistic effect of GLP\u20102 and GIP combined, or the GIP\/GLP\u20102 receptor co\u2010agonist, could not be demonstrated. GLP\u20102(3\u201333) effectively antagonized the GLP\u20102\u2010induced increase in superior mesenteric artery blood flow. Our results establish GLP\u20102 and GIP as potent stimulators of superior mesenteric artery blood flow in anesthetized rats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T10:35:05Z","timestamp":1765622105000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["<scp>GLP<\/scp>\n                    \u20102 and\n                    <scp>GIP<\/scp>\n                    acutely increase superior mesenteric artery blood flow in male rats, and the effect is independent of nitric oxide and vasoactive intestinal peptide"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5679-2807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrine D.","family":"Galsgaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bolette","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mette M.","family":"Rosenkilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6853-3805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens J.","family":"Holst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e6rke S.","family":"Gasbjerg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9984-3125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte M.","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2000.6861"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.90587.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00282.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-0122"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4810-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.211278098"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(93)90483-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2011.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2009.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520802538195"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21117"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03190588"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2011.01750.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00291.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2007.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00507.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-158-40222"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15866"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106058"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15766"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114383"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13685"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","first-page":"G73","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal peptide as a neural mediator of gastric relaxation","volume":"248","author":"Grider J. 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