{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T01:40:55Z","timestamp":1777945255217,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Changes in flow\u2010mediated dilation (FMD) following acute heating are not well understood, appear protocol\u2010specific, and may be better understood by additional measures of acute vasoactivity. This study investigated FMD responses before and after three different 30\u2010min hot\u2010water immersion conditions (40\u00b0C\u2010Shoulder, 42\u00b0C\u2010Waist, and 40\u00b0C\u2010Waist) in 22 adults. Brachial artery diameter was recorded at baseline (D\n                    <jats:sub>base<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), during the final 30\u2009s of occlusion (D\n                    <jats:sub>occ<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), and at peak post\u2010occlusion (D\n                    <jats:sub>peak<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Allometrically scaled FMD%, and changes in diameter during occlusion (OIV), and from end\u2010occlusion to peak diameter (FMD\n                    <jats:sub>Docc<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) were calculated. Pre\u2010occlusion shear rate was greater post\u2010immersion in 40\u2010Shoulder (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and 42\u2010Waist (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), but not 40\u2010Waist (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.13), with the largest increase observed in 40\u2010Shoulder. Alongside this, D\n                    <jats:sub>base<\/jats:sub>\n                    increased (\u03940.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2\u2009mm, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and FMD% decreased (\u0394\u22123.9\u2009\u00b1\u20093.8%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.04) following immersion in 40\u00b0C\u2010Shoulder only. Across all conditions, \u0394FMD% was negatively associated with \u0394D\n                    <jats:sub>base<\/jats:sub>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>rm<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.47,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001). OIV% was the only vasoactivity metric to statistically differentiate between all conditions post\u2010immersion (40\u00b0C\u2010Shoulder: \u22128.1\u2009\u00b1\u20094.9%. 42\u00b0C\u2010Waist: \u22123.0\u2009\u00b1\u20095.3%. 40\u00b0C\u2010Waist: 1.1\u2009\u00b1\u20094.1%.\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Post\u2010heating FMD is confounded by heat\u2010induced increases in baseline diameter, even after allometric scaling, while OIV% may provide complementary insight into acute vasoactivity following passive heating.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T06:46:08Z","timestamp":1771310768000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acute measurement of flow\u2010mediated dilation following passive heating in adults: The confounding role of altered shear stress and baseline vasodilation"],"prefix":"10.14814","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2546-1618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Campbell","family":"Menzies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Physical Activity, Sport &amp; Exercise Sciences Coventry University  Coventry UK"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of Nottingham  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1909-329X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil D.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences Birmingham City University  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5405-4608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles J.","family":"Steward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Physical Activity, Sport &amp; Exercise Sciences Coventry University  Coventry UK"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of Nottingham  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0632-2137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. Douglas","family":"Thake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Physical Activity, Sport &amp; Exercise Sciences Coventry University  Coventry UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5932-4793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher J. A.","family":"Pugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff School of Sport &amp; Health Sciences Cardiff Metropolitan University  Cardiff UK"},{"name":"Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Innovation and Development Cardiff Metropolitan University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9058-6716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Cullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Physical Activity, Sport &amp; Exercise Sciences Coventry University  Coventry UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00296.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X13508446"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32835b8164"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-106899"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00456"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"409","article-title":"Effects of exercise intensity on flow mediated dilation in healthy humans","volume":"34","author":"Birk G. 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